Substitutes for leadership among the faculty of institutions of higher education and their moderating effects on leadership styles and individual outcomes

• Main Authors: Hussain, G., Wan Ismail, W. K., Rashid, M. A., Nisar, F.
• Format: Article
• Published: Inderscience Publishers 2016
• Subjects: HF Commerce
• Online Access: http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/71744/; https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84989809105&doi=10.1504%2fIJMIE.2016.077507&partnerID=40&md5=2e671305a9f1b54cac239ddfedc36773

We test (a) the direct effects of leadership styles and substitutes for leadership on followers' outcomes and (b) the moderating effects of substitutes for leadership on the relationship between leadership styles and followers' outcomes. We use a random sampling technique to define a sample of 416 PhD faculty members of institutions of higher education who are on the list of Higher Education Commission (HEC)-approved PhD supervisors. Using structural equation modelling, we find that leadership styles and substitutes for leadership have significant effects on followers' outcomes and that some of the substitutes for leadership also significantly moderate the relationship between leadership styles and followers' outcomes in a manner consistent with the substitutes for leadership proposition. Discussion, implications, and limitations of the study are offered.