Preparation of Ti-SO3H/ICG using microwave-assisted for esterification of palm fatty acid distillate to methyl ester

• Main Authors: Saimon, Nur Nazlina, Thavil, Suwew, Jusoh, Mazura, Ngadi, Norzita, Zakaria, Zaki Yamani
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: Italian Association of Chemical Engineering - AIDIC 2018
• Subjects: TP Chemical technology
• Online Access: http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/84441/1/ZakiYamaniZakaria2018_PreparationofTi-SO3HICGUsingMicrowave-Assisted.pdf; http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/84441/; http://dx.doi.org/10.3303/CET1863078

The utilisation of low-cost yet valuable feedstock such as palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) in the replacement of edible oils have a great potential in solving high-cost problem in biodiesel industries. Heterogeneous solid acid catalyst is the most proficient to esterify the feedstock containing hi...