Integration and optimisation of palm oil sector with multiple-industries to achieve circular economy

• Main Authors: Rajakal, Jaya Prasanth, Hwang, Jason Zhao Hong, Hassim, Mimi H., Andiappan, Viknesh, Tan, Qian Thong, Ng, Denny K. S.
• Format: Article
• Published: Elsevier Ltd 2023
• Subjects: Q Science (General); TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)
• Online Access: http://eprints.utm.my/107399/; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2023.06.022

A typical palm oil sector includes oil palm plantations, palm oil mills, and palm oil refineries. The sector generates a huge amount of biomass by-products, effluent, and refinery wastes. These are usually disposed of at landfills causing inefficient waste management and sustainability issues. As re...