Synthesis of ethyl levulinate over sulfonated lignin-based carbon catalyst as a fuel additive to biodiesel-diesel blends towards engine emissions.

• Main Authors: Hassan, Abdull Hafidz, Zainol, Muzakkir Mohammad, Samion, Muhammad Alif, Azlan, Muhammad A‘qil, Mohd., Asmadi, Mohamad Daud, Ahmad Rafizan, Saad, Idris, Mohd. Nor Azman, Nur Aina Najwa
• Format: Article
• Published: Elsevier Ltd. 2023
• Subjects: TP Chemical technology
• Online Access: http://eprints.utm.my/106394/; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.138101

Biodiesel-diesel blend is a promising approach for petroleum diesel substitution but concurrently requires modifications to improve its properties. In this study, ethyl levulinate (EL) was synthesized via levulinic acid (LA) esterification over a sulfonated lignin-based carbon catalyst and employed...