Sub- and supercritical esterification of palm fatty acid distillate with carbohydrate-derived solid acid catalyst

• Main Authors: Ibrahim, Mohd Lokman, Goto, Motonobu, Rashid, Umer, Yap, Taufiq Yun Hin
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier 2016
• Online Access: http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/28406/1/Sub-%20and%20supercritical%20esterification%20of%20palm%20fatty%20acid%20distillate%20with%20carbohydrate-derived%20solid%20acid%20catalyst.pdf; http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/28406/; http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385894715011845

The esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) in supercritical methanol was investigated by using carbohydrate-derived solid acid catalyst. The catalysts were prepared by sulfonation of incomplete carbonized glucose and starch, which had been coded as sulfonated-ICG and sulfonated-ICS, respectively. The contents of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and its yield were determined by using gas chromatography techniques. The effects of sub- and supercritical operating conditions such as methanol/PFAD molar ratio, catalyst amount, reaction temperature and reaction time were analyzed to determine their optimum operating conditions. At optimum reaction temperature of 290 °C, methanol/PFAD molar ratio of 6/1, catalyst amount of 1 wt.% and 5 min reaction time, the esterification of PFAD in supercritical methanol with the presence of sulfonated-ICS and -ICG catalysts resulted 97.3% and 95.4% of FAME; both catalysts yield significantly higher percentages compared to uncatalyzed reaction. Alongside of its potential in enhancing the efficiency of production process, the utilization of carbohydrate-derived solid acid catalyst in supercritical methanol method had also resulting fast reaction and energy saving.