Energy and battery management systems for electrical vehicles: A comprehensive review & recommendations

• Main Authors: Challoob A.F., Bin Rahmat N.A., A/L Ramachandaramurthy V.K., Humaidi A.J.
• Other Authors: 58698724700
• Format: Review
• Published: SAGE Publications Inc. 2025
• Subjects: Battery management systems; Charging (batteries); Condition monitoring; Electric vehicles; Energy management systems; Lithium-ion batteries; Real time control; Sustainable development; Battery condition; Carbon emissions; Electrical vehicles; Estimating the battery state; Global scale; Its efficiencies; Performance; Review recommendations; States of charges; Vehicle technology; DC-DC converters

Electric vehicle technology has recently drawn a lot of interest on a global scale due to improved performance in its efficiency and the capability to solve the problems of carbon emission. As such, electric vehicles are the key to achieving sustainable development goals. This review article analyzes deeply the previous technical developments of electric vehicles, focusing on important topics like battery management systems, technologies of power electronics, techniques of charging, and the relevant algorithms and improvements. In addition, several critical problems, and difficulties are presented in order to pinpoint the gaps in the literature. To address the analysis of battery behavior, battery condition monitoring, real-time control design, temperature control, fault diagnostics, and efficiency of battery model are considered. This study highlighted the estimation techniques that predict the internal battery conditions such as internal temperature, state of health, and state of charge, which are difficult to be directly monitored and determined. A lithium-ion battery, a super-capacitor, and related bidirectional DC/DC converters constitutes the infrastructure of a hybrid power system. This review offers useful and practical recommendations for the future development of electric vehicle technology which in turn help electric vehicle engineers to be acquainted with effective techniques of battery storage, battery charging strategies, converters, controllers, and optimization methods to satisfy the requirements of sustainable development goals. Accordingly, this review article will be a platform and future guide for those who are interesting in the field of energy management and its development. ? The Author(s) 2023.