Optimisation and prediction modeling of hardened concrete characteristics incorporating coal bottom Ash (CBA) via the response surface methodology (RSM)

• Main Authors: Ku Meh K.M.F., Mohd Zuki S.S., Algaifi H.A., Omar Z., Shahidan S., Shamsuddin S.-M., Ihsan F.
• Other Authors: 59296723000
• Format: Article
• Published: Springer Science and Business Media B.V. 2025
• Subjects: Age hardening; Coal research; Compressive strength; Concrete mixtures; Prediction models; Bottom ash; Coal bottom ash; Curing age; Hardened concrete; Optimisations; Optimization models; Prediction modelling; Research topics; Response-surface methodology; Sand replacement; Coal ash

The use of Coal bottom ash (CBA) as a sand substitute in concrete has become an interesting research topic due to its potential to produce sustainable concrete. However, there is an ongoing need to optimise critical parameters in CBA concrete. Therefore, this research aims to optimise three independ...