Active pharmaceutical ingredients in Malaysian drinking water: consumption, exposure, and human health risk
Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are typical endocrine disruptors found in common pharmaceuticals and personal care products, which are frequently detected in aquatic environments, especially surface water treated for drinking. However, current treatment technologies are inefficient for...
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my.unimas.ir.388412023-03-31T03:23:23Z http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/38841/ Active pharmaceutical ingredients in Malaysian drinking water: consumption, exposure, and human health risk Sze Yee, Wee Didi Erwandi Mohamad, Haron Ahmad Zaharin, Aris Fatimah Md., Yusoff Sarva Mangala, Praveena GE Environmental Sciences HD61 Risk Management Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are typical endocrine disruptors found in common pharmaceuticals and personal care products, which are frequently detected in aquatic environments, especially surface water treated for drinking. However, current treatment technologies are inefficient for removing emerging endocrine disruptors, leading to the potential contamination of tap water. This study employed an optimized analytical method comprising solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography– tandem mass spectrometry (SPE–LC–MS/MS) to detect APIs in tap water in Putrajaya, Malaysia. Several therapeutic classes of pharmaceuticals and personal care products, including anti-inflammatory drugs (dexamethasone and diclofenac), antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole and triclosan), antiepileptics (primidone), antibacterial agents (ciprofloxacin), betablockers (propranolol), psychoactive stimulants (caffeine), and antiparasitic drugs (diazinon), were detected in the range of \ 0.03 to 21.39 ng/L, whereas chloramphenicol (an antibiotic) was below the detection limit (\ 0.23 ng/L). A comparison with global data revealed the spatial variability of emerging tap water pollutants. Diclofenac accounted for the highest concentration (21.39 ng/L), followed by triclosan and ciprofloxacin (9.74 ng/L and 8.69 ng/L, respectively). Caffeine was observed in all field samples with the highest distribution at 35.32%. Caffeine and triclosan exhibited significantly different distributions in household tap water (p\ 0.05). Humans are exposed to these APIs by drinking the tap water; however, the estimated risk was negligible (risk quotient \1). APIs are useful water quality monitoring indicators for water resource conservation and water supply safety related to emerging organic contaminants; thus, API detection is important for safeguarding the environment and human health. Springer 2020-04-23 Article PeerReviewed text en http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/38841/3/Active%20pharmaceutical%20-%20Copy.pdf Sze Yee, Wee and Didi Erwandi Mohamad, Haron and Ahmad Zaharin, Aris and Fatimah Md., Yusoff and Sarva Mangala, Praveena (2020) Active pharmaceutical ingredients in Malaysian drinking water: consumption, exposure, and human health risk. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 42. pp. 3247-3261. ISSN 0269-4042 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10653-020-00565-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00565-8(0123456789().,-volV) |
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GE Environmental Sciences HD61 Risk Management Sze Yee, Wee Didi Erwandi Mohamad, Haron Ahmad Zaharin, Aris Fatimah Md., Yusoff Sarva Mangala, Praveena Active pharmaceutical ingredients in Malaysian drinking water: consumption, exposure, and human health risk |
description |
Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs)
are typical endocrine disruptors found in common
pharmaceuticals and personal care products, which are
frequently detected in aquatic environments, especially surface water treated for drinking. However,
current treatment technologies are inefficient for
removing emerging endocrine disruptors, leading to
the potential contamination of tap water. This study
employed an optimized analytical method comprising
solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography–
tandem mass spectrometry (SPE–LC–MS/MS) to
detect APIs in tap water in Putrajaya, Malaysia.
Several therapeutic classes of pharmaceuticals and personal care products, including anti-inflammatory
drugs (dexamethasone and diclofenac), antibiotics
(sulfamethoxazole and triclosan), antiepileptics (primidone), antibacterial agents (ciprofloxacin), betablockers (propranolol), psychoactive stimulants (caffeine), and antiparasitic drugs (diazinon), were
detected in the range of \ 0.03 to 21.39 ng/L, whereas
chloramphenicol (an antibiotic) was below the detection limit (\ 0.23 ng/L). A comparison with global
data revealed the spatial variability of emerging tap
water pollutants. Diclofenac accounted for the highest
concentration (21.39 ng/L), followed by triclosan and
ciprofloxacin (9.74 ng/L and 8.69 ng/L, respectively).
Caffeine was observed in all field samples with the
highest distribution at 35.32%. Caffeine and triclosan
exhibited significantly different distributions in household tap water (p\ 0.05). Humans are exposed to
these APIs by drinking the tap water; however, the
estimated risk was negligible (risk quotient \1). APIs
are useful water quality monitoring indicators for
water resource conservation and water supply safety
related to emerging organic contaminants; thus, API
detection is important for safeguarding the environment and human health. |
format |
Article |
author |
Sze Yee, Wee Didi Erwandi Mohamad, Haron Ahmad Zaharin, Aris Fatimah Md., Yusoff Sarva Mangala, Praveena |
author_facet |
Sze Yee, Wee Didi Erwandi Mohamad, Haron Ahmad Zaharin, Aris Fatimah Md., Yusoff Sarva Mangala, Praveena |
author_sort |
Sze Yee, Wee |
title |
Active pharmaceutical ingredients in Malaysian drinking
water: consumption, exposure, and human health risk |
title_short |
Active pharmaceutical ingredients in Malaysian drinking
water: consumption, exposure, and human health risk |
title_full |
Active pharmaceutical ingredients in Malaysian drinking
water: consumption, exposure, and human health risk |
title_fullStr |
Active pharmaceutical ingredients in Malaysian drinking
water: consumption, exposure, and human health risk |
title_full_unstemmed |
Active pharmaceutical ingredients in Malaysian drinking
water: consumption, exposure, and human health risk |
title_sort |
active pharmaceutical ingredients in malaysian drinking
water: consumption, exposure, and human health risk |
publisher |
Springer |
publishDate |
2020 |
url |
http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/38841/3/Active%20pharmaceutical%20-%20Copy.pdf http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/38841/ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10653-020-00565-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00565-8(0123456789().,-volV) |
_version_ |
1762396703539855360 |
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13.188404 |