Active pharmaceutical ingredients in Malaysian drinking water: consumption, exposure, and human health risk
Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are typical endocrine disruptors found in common pharmaceuticals and personal care products, which are frequently detected in aquatic environments, especially surface water treated for drinking. However, current treatment technologies are inefficient for...
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Main Authors: | , , , , |
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Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Published: |
Springer
2020
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Subjects: | |
Online Access: | http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/38841/3/Active%20pharmaceutical%20-%20Copy.pdf http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/38841/ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10653-020-00565-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00565-8(0123456789().,-volV) |
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Summary: | Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs)
are typical endocrine disruptors found in common
pharmaceuticals and personal care products, which are
frequently detected in aquatic environments, especially surface water treated for drinking. However,
current treatment technologies are inefficient for
removing emerging endocrine disruptors, leading to
the potential contamination of tap water. This study
employed an optimized analytical method comprising
solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography–
tandem mass spectrometry (SPE–LC–MS/MS) to
detect APIs in tap water in Putrajaya, Malaysia.
Several therapeutic classes of pharmaceuticals and personal care products, including anti-inflammatory
drugs (dexamethasone and diclofenac), antibiotics
(sulfamethoxazole and triclosan), antiepileptics (primidone), antibacterial agents (ciprofloxacin), betablockers (propranolol), psychoactive stimulants (caffeine), and antiparasitic drugs (diazinon), were
detected in the range of \ 0.03 to 21.39 ng/L, whereas
chloramphenicol (an antibiotic) was below the detection limit (\ 0.23 ng/L). A comparison with global
data revealed the spatial variability of emerging tap
water pollutants. Diclofenac accounted for the highest
concentration (21.39 ng/L), followed by triclosan and
ciprofloxacin (9.74 ng/L and 8.69 ng/L, respectively).
Caffeine was observed in all field samples with the
highest distribution at 35.32%. Caffeine and triclosan
exhibited significantly different distributions in household tap water (p\ 0.05). Humans are exposed to
these APIs by drinking the tap water; however, the
estimated risk was negligible (risk quotient \1). APIs
are useful water quality monitoring indicators for
water resource conservation and water supply safety
related to emerging organic contaminants; thus, API
detection is important for safeguarding the environment and human health. |
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