Design and implementation of a non-invasive real-time microwave sensor for assessing water hardness in heat exchangers
A non-invasive-monitoring of concentration and dielectric properties of calcium hardness in heat exchanger cooling water was conducted with a 2.5 GHz microwave cavity resonator designed and fabricated locally for the experiment. The principle of electric dipole moment theories were used to analyse t...
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my.um.eprints.204942019-02-26T03:57:53Z http://eprints.um.edu.my/20494/ Design and implementation of a non-invasive real-time microwave sensor for assessing water hardness in heat exchangers Teng, Kah Hou Shaw, Andy Ateeq, Muhammad Al-Shamma'a, Ahmed Wylie, Stephen Kazi, Salim Newaz Chew, Bee Teng Kot, Patryk TH Building construction TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery A non-invasive-monitoring of concentration and dielectric properties of calcium hardness in heat exchanger cooling water was conducted with a 2.5 GHz microwave cavity resonator designed and fabricated locally for the experiment. The principle of electric dipole moment theories were used to analyse the sample solution that occurs as a function of calcium ion content. Artificial difference of water hardness was prepared by mixing CaCl2 in deionised water. The sample was centrally positioned in the electric field of the TM010 mode of a resonant cylindrical cavity. COMSOL simulation package was used to compare and validate the experimental cavity resonator frequency. Transmission signal (S21) measurements via vector network analyser at different concentrations were observed a linear relationship in amplitude with different frequency changes. In addition, calcium absorption provides a first-order change in material polarisation (i.e. real permittivity), and second-order transitions associated dielectric losses (i.e. imaginary permittivity). These research findings introduce a novel technique of real-time monitoring of water hardness concentration by using non-invasive microwave sensor. Taylor & Francis 2018 Article PeerReviewed Teng, Kah Hou and Shaw, Andy and Ateeq, Muhammad and Al-Shamma'a, Ahmed and Wylie, Stephen and Kazi, Salim Newaz and Chew, Bee Teng and Kot, Patryk (2018) Design and implementation of a non-invasive real-time microwave sensor for assessing water hardness in heat exchangers. Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, 32 (7). pp. 797-811. ISSN 0920-5071 https://doi.org/10.1080/09205071.2017.1406408 doi:10.1080/09205071.2017.1406408 |
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TH Building construction TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery Teng, Kah Hou Shaw, Andy Ateeq, Muhammad Al-Shamma'a, Ahmed Wylie, Stephen Kazi, Salim Newaz Chew, Bee Teng Kot, Patryk Design and implementation of a non-invasive real-time microwave sensor for assessing water hardness in heat exchangers |
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A non-invasive-monitoring of concentration and dielectric properties of calcium hardness in heat exchanger cooling water was conducted with a 2.5 GHz microwave cavity resonator designed and fabricated locally for the experiment. The principle of electric dipole moment theories were used to analyse the sample solution that occurs as a function of calcium ion content. Artificial difference of water hardness was prepared by mixing CaCl2 in deionised water. The sample was centrally positioned in the electric field of the TM010 mode of a resonant cylindrical cavity. COMSOL simulation package was used to compare and validate the experimental cavity resonator frequency. Transmission signal (S21) measurements via vector network analyser at different concentrations were observed a linear relationship in amplitude with different frequency changes. In addition, calcium absorption provides a first-order change in material polarisation (i.e. real permittivity), and second-order transitions associated dielectric losses (i.e. imaginary permittivity). These research findings introduce a novel technique of real-time monitoring of water hardness concentration by using non-invasive microwave sensor. |
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Article |
author |
Teng, Kah Hou Shaw, Andy Ateeq, Muhammad Al-Shamma'a, Ahmed Wylie, Stephen Kazi, Salim Newaz Chew, Bee Teng Kot, Patryk |
author_facet |
Teng, Kah Hou Shaw, Andy Ateeq, Muhammad Al-Shamma'a, Ahmed Wylie, Stephen Kazi, Salim Newaz Chew, Bee Teng Kot, Patryk |
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Teng, Kah Hou |
title |
Design and implementation of a non-invasive real-time microwave sensor for assessing water hardness in heat exchangers |
title_short |
Design and implementation of a non-invasive real-time microwave sensor for assessing water hardness in heat exchangers |
title_full |
Design and implementation of a non-invasive real-time microwave sensor for assessing water hardness in heat exchangers |
title_fullStr |
Design and implementation of a non-invasive real-time microwave sensor for assessing water hardness in heat exchangers |
title_full_unstemmed |
Design and implementation of a non-invasive real-time microwave sensor for assessing water hardness in heat exchangers |
title_sort |
design and implementation of a non-invasive real-time microwave sensor for assessing water hardness in heat exchangers |
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Taylor & Francis |
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2018 |
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http://eprints.um.edu.my/20494/ https://doi.org/10.1080/09205071.2017.1406408 |
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1643691295721390080 |
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13.18916 |