Design and implementation of a non-invasive real-time microwave sensor for assessing water hardness in heat exchangers

• Main Authors: Teng, Kah Hou, Shaw, Andy, Ateeq, Muhammad, Al-Shamma'a, Ahmed, Wylie, Stephen, Kazi, Salim Newaz, Chew, Bee Teng, Kot, Patryk
• Format: Article
• Published: Taylor & Francis 2018
• Subjects: TH Building construction; TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery
• Online Access: http://eprints.um.edu.my/20494/; https://doi.org/10.1080/09205071.2017.1406408

A non-invasive-monitoring of concentration and dielectric properties of calcium hardness in heat exchanger cooling water was conducted with a 2.5 GHz microwave cavity resonator designed and fabricated locally for the experiment. The principle of electric dipole moment theories were used to analyse t...