Dicationic ionic liquids as sustainable approach for direct conversion of cellulose to levulinic acid

• Main Authors: Khan, A.S., Man, Z., Bustam, M.A., Kait, C.F., Nasrullah, A., Ullah, Z., Sarwono, A., Ahamd, P., Muhammad, N.
• Format: Article
• Published: Elsevier Ltd 2018
• Online Access: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85032005497&doi=10.1016%2fj.jclepro.2017.09.103&partnerID=40&md5=8c5ae03e876f8806682cb50c8b131055; http://eprints.utp.edu.my/22029/

The conversion of cellulose to platform chemicals and renewable energies is the most promising and sustainable route to solve the crisis of fossil fuel resources. With this aim, the one-pot conversion of cellulose to industrial important levulinic acid (LA) using dicationic ionic liquids as a catalyst has been investigated. In the present research work, dicationic ionic liquids, containing 1,1-bis(3-methylimidazolium-1-yl) butylene (C4(Mim)2) cation with counter anions hydrogensulfate, dihydrogensulfate, methanesulfonate, and trifluoromethanesulfonate has been synthesized and applied for one-pot conversion of cellulose to LA. The structures, thermal stability, and acidity of ILs were determined by 1H NMR, CHNS values, thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and Hammet acidity function, respectively. Among the synthesized ionic liquids, C4(Mim)2(2HSO4)(H2SO4)2 showed higher catalytic activity for conversion of cellulose to LA (55%) without using any additional catalyst or solvent at 100 °C for 3 h, which is the best result compared to previous reports. A mechanism to explain the reaction route toward LA formation is proposed. Moreover, the recycling of IL was easily achieved without structural changes or any impurities. This one-pot production of levulinic acid from untreated cellulose will open new opportunity for the conversion of sustainable biomass resources into valuable chemicals. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd