Development of microwave-assisted sulfonated glucose catalyst for biodiesel production from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD)
Microwave-heating method for catalyst preparation has been utilized recently due to its shorter operation time compared to the conventional method. Glucose, a renewable carbon source can be partially carbonized and sulfonated via microwave heating which could result in highly potential heterogeneous...
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my.utm.974292022-10-10T07:49:54Z http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/97429/ Development of microwave-assisted sulfonated glucose catalyst for biodiesel production from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) Saimon, Nur Nazlina Jusoh, Mazura Ngadi, Norzita Zakaria, Zaki Yamani TP Chemical technology Microwave-heating method for catalyst preparation has been utilized recently due to its shorter operation time compared to the conventional method. Glucose, a renewable carbon source can be partially carbonized and sulfonated via microwave heating which could result in highly potential heterogeneous carbon-based acid catalyst. In this study, the impacts of the carbonization and sulfonation parameters during the catalyst preparation were investigated. Catalysts prepared were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET), and Temperature Programmed Desorption–Ammonia (TPD-NH3). Analysis of the carbonization screening process discovered that the best incomplete carbonized glucose (ICG) prepared was at 20 minutes, 20 g of D(+)-glucose with medium microwave power level (400W) which exhibited the highest percentage yield (91.41%) of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The total surface area and acid site density obtained were 16.94 m2/g and 25.65 mmol/g, respectively. Regeneration test was further carried out and succeeded to achieve 6 cycles. The highest turnover frequency (TOF) of the sulfonated catalyst was methyl palmitate, 25.214×10-3 s-1 compared to other component of the methyl ester. Kinetic study was developed throughout the esterification process and activation energy from the forward and reverse reaction was 3.36 kJ/mol and 11.96 kJ/mol, respectively. Diponegoro University 2021 Article PeerReviewed application/pdf en http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/97429/1/NorzitaNgadi2021_DevelopmentofMicrowaveAssistedSulfonatedGlucose.pdf Saimon, Nur Nazlina and Jusoh, Mazura and Ngadi, Norzita and Zakaria, Zaki Yamani (2021) Development of microwave-assisted sulfonated glucose catalyst for biodiesel production from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD). Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 16 (3). pp. 601-622. ISSN 1978-2993 http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/BCREC.16.3.10520.601-622 DOI : 10.9767/BCREC.16.3.10520.601-622 |
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TP Chemical technology Saimon, Nur Nazlina Jusoh, Mazura Ngadi, Norzita Zakaria, Zaki Yamani Development of microwave-assisted sulfonated glucose catalyst for biodiesel production from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) |
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Microwave-heating method for catalyst preparation has been utilized recently due to its shorter operation time compared to the conventional method. Glucose, a renewable carbon source can be partially carbonized and sulfonated via microwave heating which could result in highly potential heterogeneous carbon-based acid catalyst. In this study, the impacts of the carbonization and sulfonation parameters during the catalyst preparation were investigated. Catalysts prepared were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET), and Temperature Programmed Desorption–Ammonia (TPD-NH3). Analysis of the carbonization screening process discovered that the best incomplete carbonized glucose (ICG) prepared was at 20 minutes, 20 g of D(+)-glucose with medium microwave power level (400W) which exhibited the highest percentage yield (91.41%) of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The total surface area and acid site density obtained were 16.94 m2/g and 25.65 mmol/g, respectively. Regeneration test was further carried out and succeeded to achieve 6 cycles. The highest turnover frequency (TOF) of the sulfonated catalyst was methyl palmitate, 25.214×10-3 s-1 compared to other component of the methyl ester. Kinetic study was developed throughout the esterification process and activation energy from the forward and reverse reaction was 3.36 kJ/mol and 11.96 kJ/mol, respectively. |
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Article |
author |
Saimon, Nur Nazlina Jusoh, Mazura Ngadi, Norzita Zakaria, Zaki Yamani |
author_facet |
Saimon, Nur Nazlina Jusoh, Mazura Ngadi, Norzita Zakaria, Zaki Yamani |
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Saimon, Nur Nazlina |
title |
Development of microwave-assisted sulfonated glucose catalyst for biodiesel production from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) |
title_short |
Development of microwave-assisted sulfonated glucose catalyst for biodiesel production from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) |
title_full |
Development of microwave-assisted sulfonated glucose catalyst for biodiesel production from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) |
title_fullStr |
Development of microwave-assisted sulfonated glucose catalyst for biodiesel production from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) |
title_full_unstemmed |
Development of microwave-assisted sulfonated glucose catalyst for biodiesel production from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) |
title_sort |
development of microwave-assisted sulfonated glucose catalyst for biodiesel production from palm fatty acid distillate (pfad) |
publisher |
Diponegoro University |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/97429/1/NorzitaNgadi2021_DevelopmentofMicrowaveAssistedSulfonatedGlucose.pdf http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/97429/ http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/BCREC.16.3.10520.601-622 |
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