Enhanced natamycin production by streptomyces natalensis in shake-flasks and stirred tank bioreactor under batch and fed-batch conditions

• Main Authors: Gan, Y. S., Liong, Sze Teng, Yau, Wei Chuen, Huang, Yen Chang, Tan, Lit Ken
• Format: Article
• Published: Elsevier B.V. 2019
• Subjects: TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)
• Online Access: http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/87997/; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.image.2019.02.005

When a person attempts to conceal an emotion, the genuine emotion is manifest as a micro-expression. Exploration of automatic facial micro-expression recognition systems is relatively new in the computer vision domain. This is due to the difficulty in implementing optimal feature extraction methods to cope with the subtlety and brief motion characteristics of the expression. Most of the existing approaches extract the subtle facial movements based on hand-crafted features. In this paper, we address the micro-expression recognition task with a convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture, which well integrates the features extracted from each video. We introduce the Optical Flow Features from Apex frame Network (OFF-ApexNet). This is a new feature descriptor that combines the optical flow guided context with the CNN. Firstly, we obtain the location of the apex frame from each video sequence as it portrays the highest intensity of facial motion among all frames. Then, the optical flow information are attained from the apex frame and a reference frame (i.e., onset frame). Finally, the optical flow features are fed into a pre-designed CNN model for further feature enhancement as well as to carry out the expression classification. To evaluate the effectiveness of OFF-ApexNet method, comprehensive evaluations are conducted on three public spontaneous micro-expression datasets (i.e., SMIC, CASME II and SAMM). The promising recognition result suggests that the proposed method can optimally describe the significant micro-expression details. In particular, we report that, in a multi-database with leave-one-subject-out cross-validation (LOSOCV) experimental protocol, the recognition performance reaches 74.60% of recognition accuracy and F-measure of 71.04%. We also note that this is the first work that performs cross-dataset validation on three databases in this domain.