Toxicity characteristics and durability of concrete containing coal ash as substitute for cement and river sand

• Main Authors: Rafieizonooz, M., Salim, M. R., Mirza, J., Hussin, M. W., Salmiati, Salmiati, Khan, R., Khankhaje, E.
• Format: Article
• Published: Elsevier Ltd 2017
• Subjects: TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)
• Online Access: http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/75967/; https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.151

The main aim of this study was to investigate the toxicity characteristics and durability of concrete containing bottom ash (BA) and fly ash (FA), as partial or total replacement of fine aggregate and Ordinary Portland cement (OPC), respectively. Concrete mixtures were prepared containing 0, 20, 50,...