Application of UAV-based photogrammetry and normalised water index (NDWI) to estimate the rock mass rating (RMR): a case study

Rock Mass Rating (RMR) is an effective method in assessing rock stability conditions. Rock slope instability and failures can be attributed to various factors, including unfavourable slope geometries, the presence of water, geological discontinuities, weak or weathered slope materials, and extreme w...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Ismail, Afiqah, A. Rashid, Ahmad Safuan, Sa’ari, Radzuan, Rasib, Abd. Wahid, Mustaffar, Mushairry, Abdullah, Rini Asnida, Kassim, Azman, Mohd. Yusof, Norbazlan, Abd. Rahaman, Norisam, Mohd. Apandi, Nazirah, Kalatehjari, Roohollah
Format: Article
Published: Elsevier Ltd 2022
Subjects:
Online Access:http://eprints.utm.my/103569/
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2022.103161
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my.utm.103569
record_format eprints
spelling my.utm.1035692023-11-20T02:48:23Z http://eprints.utm.my/103569/ Application of UAV-based photogrammetry and normalised water index (NDWI) to estimate the rock mass rating (RMR): a case study Ismail, Afiqah A. Rashid, Ahmad Safuan Sa’ari, Radzuan Rasib, Abd. Wahid Mustaffar, Mushairry Abdullah, Rini Asnida Kassim, Azman Mohd. Yusof, Norbazlan Abd. Rahaman, Norisam Mohd. Apandi, Nazirah Kalatehjari, Roohollah TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) Rock Mass Rating (RMR) is an effective method in assessing rock stability conditions. Rock slope instability and failures can be attributed to various factors, including unfavourable slope geometries, the presence of water, geological discontinuities, weak or weathered slope materials, and extreme weather conditions. The main factor highlighted in this research is the presence of water and the weakening effect of the slope-water interaction. Traditionally, RMR is measured through the conventional method, and this parameter is determined by visual observation. However, this is of limited use if the study area is large and/or difficult to access. The digital remote sensing method proposed by the current study can overcome this limitation. This method uses two different compact remote sensors (RS) mounted within an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), namely, a Red Green Blue (RGB) sensor, with a spectrum ranging from 0.4 μm to 0.7 μm, and Near-Infrared (NIR) sensor, with a spectrum ranging from 0.7 μm to 1.3 μm. The Normalised Difference Water Index (NDWI) algorithm is then used to generate the existence of water bodies on the rock surface and classify the water condition, following the RMR classification. The effectiveness and validity of the proposed method were proved by comparing the results of the NDWI method with a site survey; the classification of water conditions in RMR was aided by the digital remote sensing method. The water classification conditions are: < 0 = rate 15 (dry), 0.00–0.15 = rate 10 (damp), 0.16–0.25 = rate 7 (wet), and 0.26–0.40 = rate 4 (dripping). Elsevier Ltd 2022-10 Article PeerReviewed Ismail, Afiqah and A. Rashid, Ahmad Safuan and Sa’ari, Radzuan and Rasib, Abd. Wahid and Mustaffar, Mushairry and Abdullah, Rini Asnida and Kassim, Azman and Mohd. Yusof, Norbazlan and Abd. Rahaman, Norisam and Mohd. Apandi, Nazirah and Kalatehjari, Roohollah (2022) Application of UAV-based photogrammetry and normalised water index (NDWI) to estimate the rock mass rating (RMR): a case study. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 127 (NA). pp. 1-11. ISSN 1474-7065 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2022.103161 DOI:10.1016/j.pce.2022.103161
institution Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
building UTM Library
collection Institutional Repository
continent Asia
country Malaysia
content_provider Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
content_source UTM Institutional Repository
url_provider http://eprints.utm.my/
topic TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)
spellingShingle TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)
Ismail, Afiqah
A. Rashid, Ahmad Safuan
Sa’ari, Radzuan
Rasib, Abd. Wahid
Mustaffar, Mushairry
Abdullah, Rini Asnida
Kassim, Azman
Mohd. Yusof, Norbazlan
Abd. Rahaman, Norisam
Mohd. Apandi, Nazirah
Kalatehjari, Roohollah
Application of UAV-based photogrammetry and normalised water index (NDWI) to estimate the rock mass rating (RMR): a case study
description Rock Mass Rating (RMR) is an effective method in assessing rock stability conditions. Rock slope instability and failures can be attributed to various factors, including unfavourable slope geometries, the presence of water, geological discontinuities, weak or weathered slope materials, and extreme weather conditions. The main factor highlighted in this research is the presence of water and the weakening effect of the slope-water interaction. Traditionally, RMR is measured through the conventional method, and this parameter is determined by visual observation. However, this is of limited use if the study area is large and/or difficult to access. The digital remote sensing method proposed by the current study can overcome this limitation. This method uses two different compact remote sensors (RS) mounted within an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), namely, a Red Green Blue (RGB) sensor, with a spectrum ranging from 0.4 μm to 0.7 μm, and Near-Infrared (NIR) sensor, with a spectrum ranging from 0.7 μm to 1.3 μm. The Normalised Difference Water Index (NDWI) algorithm is then used to generate the existence of water bodies on the rock surface and classify the water condition, following the RMR classification. The effectiveness and validity of the proposed method were proved by comparing the results of the NDWI method with a site survey; the classification of water conditions in RMR was aided by the digital remote sensing method. The water classification conditions are: < 0 = rate 15 (dry), 0.00–0.15 = rate 10 (damp), 0.16–0.25 = rate 7 (wet), and 0.26–0.40 = rate 4 (dripping).
format Article
author Ismail, Afiqah
A. Rashid, Ahmad Safuan
Sa’ari, Radzuan
Rasib, Abd. Wahid
Mustaffar, Mushairry
Abdullah, Rini Asnida
Kassim, Azman
Mohd. Yusof, Norbazlan
Abd. Rahaman, Norisam
Mohd. Apandi, Nazirah
Kalatehjari, Roohollah
author_facet Ismail, Afiqah
A. Rashid, Ahmad Safuan
Sa’ari, Radzuan
Rasib, Abd. Wahid
Mustaffar, Mushairry
Abdullah, Rini Asnida
Kassim, Azman
Mohd. Yusof, Norbazlan
Abd. Rahaman, Norisam
Mohd. Apandi, Nazirah
Kalatehjari, Roohollah
author_sort Ismail, Afiqah
title Application of UAV-based photogrammetry and normalised water index (NDWI) to estimate the rock mass rating (RMR): a case study
title_short Application of UAV-based photogrammetry and normalised water index (NDWI) to estimate the rock mass rating (RMR): a case study
title_full Application of UAV-based photogrammetry and normalised water index (NDWI) to estimate the rock mass rating (RMR): a case study
title_fullStr Application of UAV-based photogrammetry and normalised water index (NDWI) to estimate the rock mass rating (RMR): a case study
title_full_unstemmed Application of UAV-based photogrammetry and normalised water index (NDWI) to estimate the rock mass rating (RMR): a case study
title_sort application of uav-based photogrammetry and normalised water index (ndwi) to estimate the rock mass rating (rmr): a case study
publisher Elsevier Ltd
publishDate 2022
url http://eprints.utm.my/103569/
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2022.103161
_version_ 1783876383543394304
score 13.209306