Silica Supported Indium Heterogeneous Catalyst In Benzylation And Benzoylation Of Toluene

Indium incorporated silica with different indium content were synthesized via a template free sol-gel method. The silica used was extracted from rice husk (RH) and the resulting catalyst was labeled as RH-xIn (x = 5, 10, 15 and 20). The catalysts were characterized by physico-chemical techniqu...

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Main Author: Sek, Kei Lin
Format: Thesis
Language:English
Published: 2013
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Online Access:http://eprints.usm.my/45206/1/Sek%20Kei%20Lin24.pdf
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spelling my.usm.eprints.45206 http://eprints.usm.my/45206/ Silica Supported Indium Heterogeneous Catalyst In Benzylation And Benzoylation Of Toluene Sek, Kei Lin TP1-1185 Chemical technology Indium incorporated silica with different indium content were synthesized via a template free sol-gel method. The silica used was extracted from rice husk (RH) and the resulting catalyst was labeled as RH-xIn (x = 5, 10, 15 and 20). The catalysts were characterized by physico-chemical techniques such as FTIR, N2 adsorption (BET), powder XRD, UV-Vis, SEM, EDX, TEM and AAS for the elemental analysis. RH-blank (without indium) was synthesized as the control for the reaction. No indium was detected in the RH-blank and the percentage of indium was found increase from RH-5In to RH-20In. The N2 adsorption analysis showed the presence of type IV isotherm in RH-blank and RH-xIn, indicating the mesoporous nature of the catalysts. The XRD recorded a broad band at 2θ = 25°, which showed their amorphous character. TEM micrographs revealed the catalysts to be composed of nanoparticles. Friedel-Craft benzylation and benzoylation of toluene with benzyl chloride (BC) and benzoyl chloride (BOZ) were carried out by using RH-xIn (x= 5, 10, 15 and 20) as the catalyst. Benzylation of toluene resulted in 4-methyldiphenylmethane (4-MDM) and 2-methyldiphenylmethane (2-MDM) as the major products while disubstituted products were detected as minor product. Benzoylation of toluene gave 4- methylbenzophenone (4-MBP) and 2-methylbenzophenone (2-MBP) as major products, and 3-methylbenzophenone (3-MBP) as the minor product. 2013-06 Thesis NonPeerReviewed application/pdf en http://eprints.usm.my/45206/1/Sek%20Kei%20Lin24.pdf Sek, Kei Lin (2013) Silica Supported Indium Heterogeneous Catalyst In Benzylation And Benzoylation Of Toluene. Masters thesis, Universiti Sains Malaysia.
institution Universiti Sains Malaysia
building Hamzah Sendut Library
collection Institutional Repository
continent Asia
country Malaysia
content_provider Universiti Sains Malaysia
content_source USM Institutional Repository
url_provider http://eprints.usm.my/
language English
topic TP1-1185 Chemical technology
spellingShingle TP1-1185 Chemical technology
Sek, Kei Lin
Silica Supported Indium Heterogeneous Catalyst In Benzylation And Benzoylation Of Toluene
description Indium incorporated silica with different indium content were synthesized via a template free sol-gel method. The silica used was extracted from rice husk (RH) and the resulting catalyst was labeled as RH-xIn (x = 5, 10, 15 and 20). The catalysts were characterized by physico-chemical techniques such as FTIR, N2 adsorption (BET), powder XRD, UV-Vis, SEM, EDX, TEM and AAS for the elemental analysis. RH-blank (without indium) was synthesized as the control for the reaction. No indium was detected in the RH-blank and the percentage of indium was found increase from RH-5In to RH-20In. The N2 adsorption analysis showed the presence of type IV isotherm in RH-blank and RH-xIn, indicating the mesoporous nature of the catalysts. The XRD recorded a broad band at 2θ = 25°, which showed their amorphous character. TEM micrographs revealed the catalysts to be composed of nanoparticles. Friedel-Craft benzylation and benzoylation of toluene with benzyl chloride (BC) and benzoyl chloride (BOZ) were carried out by using RH-xIn (x= 5, 10, 15 and 20) as the catalyst. Benzylation of toluene resulted in 4-methyldiphenylmethane (4-MDM) and 2-methyldiphenylmethane (2-MDM) as the major products while disubstituted products were detected as minor product. Benzoylation of toluene gave 4- methylbenzophenone (4-MBP) and 2-methylbenzophenone (2-MBP) as major products, and 3-methylbenzophenone (3-MBP) as the minor product.
format Thesis
author Sek, Kei Lin
author_facet Sek, Kei Lin
author_sort Sek, Kei Lin
title Silica Supported Indium Heterogeneous Catalyst In Benzylation And Benzoylation Of Toluene
title_short Silica Supported Indium Heterogeneous Catalyst In Benzylation And Benzoylation Of Toluene
title_full Silica Supported Indium Heterogeneous Catalyst In Benzylation And Benzoylation Of Toluene
title_fullStr Silica Supported Indium Heterogeneous Catalyst In Benzylation And Benzoylation Of Toluene
title_full_unstemmed Silica Supported Indium Heterogeneous Catalyst In Benzylation And Benzoylation Of Toluene
title_sort silica supported indium heterogeneous catalyst in benzylation and benzoylation of toluene
publishDate 2013
url http://eprints.usm.my/45206/1/Sek%20Kei%20Lin24.pdf
http://eprints.usm.my/45206/
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score 13.18916