Plant toxins: alkaloids and their toxicities

Since ancient civilization, plants have been utilized in many aspects of life, especially in medicinal purposes due to the presence of distinctive secondary metabolites like alkaloids, phenolics and terpenoids. Among them, alkaloids represent a large group of secondary metabolites that have basi...

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Main Authors: Mohamad Azzeme, Azzreena, Kamarul Zaman, Munirah Adibah
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2019
Online Access:http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/81747/1/Plant%20toxins%20alkaloids%20and%20their%20toxicities.pdf
http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/81747/
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331430702_Plant_toxins_alkaloids_and_their_toxicities
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spelling my.upm.eprints.817472020-10-08T08:07:24Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/81747/ Plant toxins: alkaloids and their toxicities Mohamad Azzeme, Azzreena Kamarul Zaman, Munirah Adibah Since ancient civilization, plants have been utilized in many aspects of life, especially in medicinal purposes due to the presence of distinctive secondary metabolites like alkaloids, phenolics and terpenoids. Among them, alkaloids represent a large group of secondary metabolites that have basic properties and comprise nitrogen atom within the heterocyclic ring. Plant synthesizes alkaloids to maintain their survivability under unfavorable conditions. Over 3000 years, indigenous people have been used alkaloid-containing plant extracts to treat several ailments such as fever, snakebite and insanity. However, despite significant benefits to humans and pharmaceutical industries, some of the plant alkaloids are categorized as main plant toxins due to their enormous structural diversity and various modes of actions. Humans and animals can be exposed to toxic alkaloids either through inhalation, swallowing or by direct contact, therefore leads to the specific mechanism that involves receptors, transporters, enzymes and genetic materials at specific cells and tissues, hence may cause hepatotoxic effects and musculoskeletal deformities. This review focuses on some of the plant alkaloids such as pyrrolizidine, tropane, piperidine and indolizidine, which can give various side effects on humans and animals such as itching, nausea, vomiting, mild gastrointestinal perturbation, psychosis, paralysis, teratogenicity, arrhythmias and sudden death. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2019 Article PeerReviewed text en http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/81747/1/Plant%20toxins%20alkaloids%20and%20their%20toxicities.pdf Mohamad Azzeme, Azzreena and Kamarul Zaman, Munirah Adibah (2019) Plant toxins: alkaloids and their toxicities. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6 (2). pp. 21-29. ISSN 2581-3250 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331430702_Plant_toxins_alkaloids_and_their_toxicities 10.30574/gscbps.2019.6.2.0003
institution Universiti Putra Malaysia
building UPM Library
collection Institutional Repository
continent Asia
country Malaysia
content_provider Universiti Putra Malaysia
content_source UPM Institutional Repository
url_provider http://psasir.upm.edu.my/
language English
description Since ancient civilization, plants have been utilized in many aspects of life, especially in medicinal purposes due to the presence of distinctive secondary metabolites like alkaloids, phenolics and terpenoids. Among them, alkaloids represent a large group of secondary metabolites that have basic properties and comprise nitrogen atom within the heterocyclic ring. Plant synthesizes alkaloids to maintain their survivability under unfavorable conditions. Over 3000 years, indigenous people have been used alkaloid-containing plant extracts to treat several ailments such as fever, snakebite and insanity. However, despite significant benefits to humans and pharmaceutical industries, some of the plant alkaloids are categorized as main plant toxins due to their enormous structural diversity and various modes of actions. Humans and animals can be exposed to toxic alkaloids either through inhalation, swallowing or by direct contact, therefore leads to the specific mechanism that involves receptors, transporters, enzymes and genetic materials at specific cells and tissues, hence may cause hepatotoxic effects and musculoskeletal deformities. This review focuses on some of the plant alkaloids such as pyrrolizidine, tropane, piperidine and indolizidine, which can give various side effects on humans and animals such as itching, nausea, vomiting, mild gastrointestinal perturbation, psychosis, paralysis, teratogenicity, arrhythmias and sudden death.
format Article
author Mohamad Azzeme, Azzreena
Kamarul Zaman, Munirah Adibah
spellingShingle Mohamad Azzeme, Azzreena
Kamarul Zaman, Munirah Adibah
Plant toxins: alkaloids and their toxicities
author_facet Mohamad Azzeme, Azzreena
Kamarul Zaman, Munirah Adibah
author_sort Mohamad Azzeme, Azzreena
title Plant toxins: alkaloids and their toxicities
title_short Plant toxins: alkaloids and their toxicities
title_full Plant toxins: alkaloids and their toxicities
title_fullStr Plant toxins: alkaloids and their toxicities
title_full_unstemmed Plant toxins: alkaloids and their toxicities
title_sort plant toxins: alkaloids and their toxicities
publisher GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences
publishDate 2019
url http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/81747/1/Plant%20toxins%20alkaloids%20and%20their%20toxicities.pdf
http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/81747/
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331430702_Plant_toxins_alkaloids_and_their_toxicities
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score 13.209306