Epidemiology And Morphology Of Lungworm (Dictyocaulus Viviparus), And Its Associated Lung Pathology In Cattle And Buffaloes In Peninsular Malaysia
Bovine dictyocaulosis is an important parasitic disease of cattle and buffaloes and is caused by the lungworm, Dictyocaulus viviparus. The parasite is an important cause of lung infection especially in the temperate regions of the world. While the documentation on bovine lungworm is vast in the t...
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Format: | Thesis |
Language: | English English |
Published: |
2007
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Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/6447/1/ABSTRAK_FPV_2007_8.pdf http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/6447/ |
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Summary: | Bovine dictyocaulosis is an important parasitic disease of cattle and buffaloes and is
caused by the lungworm, Dictyocaulus viviparus. The parasite is an important cause
of lung infection especially in the temperate regions of the world. While the
documentation on bovine lungworm is vast in the temperate, it is very sporadic and
limited in the tropics. In Malaysia, a tropical country, the occurrence of lungworm
infections in cattle and buffaloes has been anecdotal. The present study was carried
out to detect the presence of lungworm infections in cattle and buffaloes, to
determine the prevalence of lungworm infection in cattle and buffaloes, to identify
the risk factors associated with bovine lungworm infection, to compare the
morphology of egg, first stage larvae (L1) and adult stage of Malaysian bovine
lungworm with those of D. viviparus from published reports and Sweden and to
compare the histopathological lesions of lungs infected with Malaysian bovine
lungworm and those of lungs infected with D. viviparus.A retrospective examination of available records and data was carried out to
investigate the presence of lungworm infections in Peninsular Malaysia. Two studies
were carried out to address the objective. In the first study, an investigation on
lungworm disease outbreak in a beef breeding farm was conducted. It was found that
the yearly lungworm-infection mortality rate within the seven-year period was
0.31%. Among the cases, more than half (67%) were male and 33% were females.
Seventy-five percent of lungworm infection deaths occurred in calves between the
ages of six and 12 months, and 25% occurred in cattle aged 12 to 19 months. Most of
the deaths occurred in November (19%) and May (17%). In the second study, data of
condemnation of lungs and reasons of condemnation between 1998 and 2004 was
collected at the Department of Veterinary Services Headquarters in Kuala Lumpur.
Parasitic lung condemnation from all slaughtered animals was 0.11%. The
prevalence of parasitic infection in the lungs was found much higher in buffaloes
than in cattle (t = -3.906, p = 0.002).
A cross-sectional study was carried out in four large scale farms (Farms A, B, C and
D) and three dairy smallholdings (Farm E) to detect and determine the prevalence of
lungworm infection and to identify the risk factors. Blood and faecal sampling on
each farm, except Farm E, was performed every two months for a period of seven
months. Farm E was sampled only once. Questionnaires on individual animals, farm
management and disease occurrence were developed and the data were collected at
the time of blood and faecal sampling. Meteorological data was collected from the
Climate Division, Malaysian Meteorological Service. The total blood and faecal
samples collected from the farms were 602. Baermannisation was performed for
parasitological diagnosis and enzyme-link-immunosorbent assay was conducted for serodiagnosis. The prevalence of lungworm infection based on baermannisation was
4.7%. The highest prevalence was found in Farm E. Using binary logistic regression
analysis, gender and the interaction between monthly temperature and monthly
rainfall were identified as the statistically significant risk factors for bovine
lungworm infection. The likelihood of lungworm infection was about four times
greater when the monthly rainfall was >100 mm and the monthly temperature was
>27°C to 29.1°C than when the monthly rainfall was <100 mm and when the
temperature was <27°C (p = 0.002). Female animals were about 2.9 times less likely
to be infected than male animals (p = 0.01).
Another cross-sectional study was carried out where 11 out of 25 abattoirs in
Peninsular Malaysia were visited and slaughtered animals were examined. Animals
slaughtered at Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) mosque during festivals were also
examined. Among the total of 283 lungs from 260 cattle and 23 buffaloes sampled,
lungworm was found in three Kedah-Kelantan (KK) cattle (1.1%). The
morphological evaluation of egg, L1 and adult worm of the Malaysian bovine
lungworm were conducted by comparing with those of D. viviparus from published
reports and Sweden. Histopathological lesions of infected lungs were also examined.
Based on the morphology of the lungworm and the histopathological changes of the
affected lungs, the Malaysian bovine lungworm is believed to be most likely D.
viviparus.In conclusion, bovine lungworm infection in the Malaysian cattle and buffaloes can
be detected and the prevalence is low. The disease occurrence was associated with
the gender of the animals, and the climatic conditions. Based on the morphology of
vi
the lungworm and the histopathological changes of the affected lungs, the Malaysian
bovine lungworm is believed to be D. viviparus. |
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