Acetylation of glycerol over carbon supported yttrium oxide catalysts and optimization analysis by response surface methodology
The use of homogeneous catalysts in glycerol acetylation have been associated with several shortcomings hence the growing interest in the use of heterogeneous catalysts such as metal oxide. Carbon supported yttrium oxide (Y2O3) catalysts were synthesized via carbonization of palm kernel shell (PK...
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English English |
| Published: |
2022
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/112166/1/FS%202022%2053%20-%20IR%28UPM%29.pdf http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/112166/ |
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| Summary: | The use of homogeneous catalysts in glycerol acetylation have been associated with
several shortcomings hence the growing interest in the use of heterogeneous catalysts
such as metal oxide. Carbon supported yttrium oxide (Y2O3) catalysts were synthesized
via carbonization of palm kernel shell (PKS) and subsequent functionalization with
5wt%, 10wt% and 15wt% yttrium oxide (Y2O3), respectively. The catalysts were also
characterized by N2 physisorption analysis (BET surface area), X-ray diffraction (XRD),
thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy
dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), and
temperature programmed desorption-ammonia (TPD-NH3) and tested in glycerol
acetylation. The 15wt% Y2O3/PKS-T700 catalyst with the highest potential was used for
the optimization reaction using four-factor, two-level face-centred central composite
design (24 CCD) of the response surface methodology. The optimized conditions were
found to be temperature 130 ℃, glycerol-to-acetic acid molar ratio 1:11 and catalyst
loading 0.5 g in 5 h reaction time. Glycerol acetylation reaction revealed optimal results
of 99.8% glycerol conversion (GC) and product selectivity of 15.7% monoacetin (MA),
58.8% diacetin (DA), and 29.4% triacetin (TA), respectively. The model terms were
found to be significant (p<0.05) with coefficient of determination (R2) close to unity
(>0.99) while the predicted R2 and the adjusted R2 were in agreement with each other.
The characteristics of the catalyst revealed carbon, hydrogen and yttrium were 71.33%,
15.66% and 13.01%, acid site density of 339.9 μmol/g, while the BET surface area, pore
volume and the average pore size were 503 m2/g, 0.452 cm3/g and 2.5 nm. On subjecting
the catalyst to reusability study in three (3) reaction cycles under the optimal conditions,
the catalyst was found to maintain good reaction with little degradation as observed in
the small decline in performance attributed to slight leaching of the active site. |
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