Pharmacological modulation of apoptosis and autophagy in pancreatic cancer treatment
Pancreatic cancer is a fatal malignant neoplasm with infrequent signs and symptoms until a progressive stage. In 2020, GLOBOCAN reported that pancreatic cancer accounts for 4.7% of all cancer deaths. Despite the availability of standard chemotherapy regimens for treatment, the survival benefits are...
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my.upm.eprints.1027442024-06-30T01:21:59Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/102744/ Pharmacological modulation of apoptosis and autophagy in pancreatic cancer treatment Stanslas, Johnson Islam, Mohammad Kaisarul Selvarajoo, Nityaa Sagineedu, Sreenivasa Rao Lian, Ho Kok Lim, Jonathan Chee Woei Pancreatic cancer is a fatal malignant neoplasm with infrequent signs and symptoms until a progressive stage. In 2020, GLOBOCAN reported that pancreatic cancer accounts for 4.7% of all cancer deaths. Despite the availability of standard chemotherapy regimens for treatment, the survival benefits are not guaranteed because tumor cells become chemoresistant even due to the development of chemoresistance in tumor cells even with a short treatment course, where apoptosis and autophagy play critical roles. This review compiled essential information on the regulatory mechanisms and roles of apoptosis and autophagy in pancreatic cancer, as well as drug-like molecules that target different pathways in pancreatic cancer eradication, with an aim to provide ideas to the scientific communities in discovering novel and specific drugs to treat pancreatic cancer, specifically PDAC. Electronic databases that were searched for research articles for this review were Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed, Springer Link, and Google Scholar. The published studies were identified and retrieved using selected keywords. Many small-molecule anticancer agents have been developed to regulate autophagy and apoptosis associated with pancreatic cancer treatment, where most of them target apoptosis directly through EGFR/Ras/Raf/MAPK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways. The cancer drugs that regulate autophagy in treating cancer can be categorized into three groups: i) direct autophagy inducers (e.g., rapamycin), ii) indirect autophagy inducers (e.g., resveratrol), and iii) autophagy inhibitors. Resveratrol persuades both apoptosis and autophagy with a cytoprotective effect, while autophagy inhibitors (e.g., 3-methyladenine, chloroquine) can turn off the protective autophagic effect for therapeutic benefits. Several studies showed that autophagy inhibition resulted in a synergistic effect with chemotherapy (e.g., a combination of metformin with gemcitabine/ 5FU). Such drugs possess a unique clinical value in treating pancreatic cancer as well as other autophagy-dependent carcinomas. Bentham Science Publishers 2022 Article PeerReviewed Stanslas, Johnson and Islam, Mohammad Kaisarul and Selvarajoo, Nityaa and Sagineedu, Sreenivasa Rao and Lian, Ho Kok and Lim, Jonathan Chee Woei (2022) Pharmacological modulation of apoptosis and autophagy in pancreatic cancer treatment. Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 22 (20). pp. 2581-2595. ISSN 1389-5575; ESSN: 1875-5607 https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/121841 10.2174/1389557522666220324123605 |
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Pancreatic cancer is a fatal malignant neoplasm with infrequent signs and symptoms until a progressive stage. In 2020, GLOBOCAN reported that pancreatic cancer accounts for 4.7% of all cancer deaths. Despite the availability of standard chemotherapy regimens for treatment, the survival benefits are not guaranteed because tumor cells become chemoresistant even due to the development of chemoresistance in tumor cells even with a short treatment course, where apoptosis and autophagy play critical roles. This review compiled essential information on the regulatory mechanisms and roles of apoptosis and autophagy in pancreatic cancer, as well as drug-like molecules that target different pathways in pancreatic cancer eradication, with an aim to provide ideas to the scientific communities in discovering novel and specific drugs to treat pancreatic cancer, specifically PDAC. Electronic databases that were searched for research articles for this review were Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed, Springer Link, and Google Scholar. The published studies were identified and retrieved using selected keywords. Many small-molecule anticancer agents have been developed to regulate autophagy and apoptosis associated with pancreatic cancer treatment, where most of them target apoptosis directly through EGFR/Ras/Raf/MAPK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways. The cancer drugs that regulate autophagy in treating cancer can be categorized into three groups: i) direct autophagy inducers (e.g., rapamycin), ii) indirect autophagy inducers (e.g., resveratrol), and iii) autophagy inhibitors. Resveratrol persuades both apoptosis and autophagy with a cytoprotective effect, while autophagy inhibitors (e.g., 3-methyladenine, chloroquine) can turn off the protective autophagic effect for therapeutic benefits. Several studies showed that autophagy inhibition resulted in a synergistic effect with chemotherapy (e.g., a combination of metformin with gemcitabine/ 5FU). Such drugs possess a unique clinical value in treating pancreatic cancer as well as other autophagy-dependent carcinomas. |
format |
Article |
author |
Stanslas, Johnson Islam, Mohammad Kaisarul Selvarajoo, Nityaa Sagineedu, Sreenivasa Rao Lian, Ho Kok Lim, Jonathan Chee Woei |
spellingShingle |
Stanslas, Johnson Islam, Mohammad Kaisarul Selvarajoo, Nityaa Sagineedu, Sreenivasa Rao Lian, Ho Kok Lim, Jonathan Chee Woei Pharmacological modulation of apoptosis and autophagy in pancreatic cancer treatment |
author_facet |
Stanslas, Johnson Islam, Mohammad Kaisarul Selvarajoo, Nityaa Sagineedu, Sreenivasa Rao Lian, Ho Kok Lim, Jonathan Chee Woei |
author_sort |
Stanslas, Johnson |
title |
Pharmacological modulation of apoptosis and autophagy in pancreatic cancer treatment |
title_short |
Pharmacological modulation of apoptosis and autophagy in pancreatic cancer treatment |
title_full |
Pharmacological modulation of apoptosis and autophagy in pancreatic cancer treatment |
title_fullStr |
Pharmacological modulation of apoptosis and autophagy in pancreatic cancer treatment |
title_full_unstemmed |
Pharmacological modulation of apoptosis and autophagy in pancreatic cancer treatment |
title_sort |
pharmacological modulation of apoptosis and autophagy in pancreatic cancer treatment |
publisher |
Bentham Science Publishers |
publishDate |
2022 |
url |
http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/102744/ https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/121841 |
_version_ |
1803336792232951808 |
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13.18916 |