Exploring Groundwater Quality Assessment: A Geostatistical and Integrated Water Quality Indices Perspective

• Main Authors: Masood M.U., Rashid M., Haider S., Naz I., Pande C.B., Heddam S., Alshehri F., Elkhrachy I., Ahsan A., Sammen S.S.
• Other Authors: 57062195300
• Format: Retracted
• Published: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) 2025
• Subjects: Lahore; Pakistan; Punjab [Pakistan]; Rawalpindi; Sargodha; Chemicals removal (water treatment); Chlorine compounds; Deterioration; Dissolved oxygen; Fluorine compounds; Geographic information systems; Groundwater; Groundwater pollution; Groundwater resources; Heavy metals; Hydrochemistry; Irrigation; Magnesium compounds; Population statistics; Potable water; Quality control; Remote sensing; Wastewater treatment; Water supply; Analytical Hierarchy Process; Geostatistical; Groundwater quality; Groundwater quality assessment; Microbiological contaminations; Physico - chemical parameters; Remote-sensing; Study areas; Water quality indexes; Waters resources; analytical hierarchy process; drinking water; geostatistics; GIS; groundwater resource; heavy metal; public health; remote sensing; water quality; Water quality

Groundwater is an important source of freshwater. At the same time, anthropogenic activities, in particular, industrialization, urbanization, population growth, and excessive application of fertilizers, are some of the major reasons for groundwater quality deterioration. Therefore, the present study...