Early detection of kidney problems through voltammetry, potentiometry, amperometry, and impedance electrochemical techniques: A comprehensive review

• Main Authors: Nur Ashakirin Binti Mohd Nashruddin S., Hani Mohamed Salleh F., Ayunni Mohd Raub A.
• Other Authors: 59455273500
• Format: Review
• Published: Elsevier B.V. 2025
• Subjects: Chemical detection; Damage detection; Diagnosis; Electrochemical electrodes; Amperometry; Chemical energy; Electrical energy; Electrochemical energy; Electrochemical process; Electrochemical techniques; Electrode modification; Impedance electrochemical; Kidney disease; Potentiometry; Biomarkers

In the context of biomarker mechanisms, this paper provides an overview of electrochemical energy, which is the conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy or vice versa via electrochemical processes. It also includes a comparative examination at the basic chemical level of renal function....