Load frequency control in power systems with high renewable energy penetration: A strategy employing PI?(1+PDF) controller, hybrid energy storage, and IPFC-FACTS

• Main Authors: Khan I.A., Mokhlis H., Mansor N.N., Illias H.A., Daraz A., Ramasamy A.K., Marsadek M., Afzal A.R.
• Other Authors: 58182998900
• Format: Article
• Published: Elsevier B.V. 2025
• Subjects: Electric control equipment; Electric energy storage; Electric frequency control; Electric impedance measurement; Electric lines; Electric load flow; Electric power system control; Electric power system interconnection; Electric power transmission networks; Flexible AC transmission systems; Fuel cells; HVDC power transmission; Magnetic storage; Optimization; Power control; Press load control; Proportional control systems; Renewable energy; Robust control; Sensitivity analysis; Stochastic systems; Three term control systems; Two term control systems; Energy storage system; Hybrid energy storage systems; IPFC; Load-frequency control; Optimization algorithms; Power; Renewable energy source; Storage systems; Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage systems; Zebra optimization algorithm; Controllers

The high penetration of Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) in the modern power system poses a challenge to power system stability. This stability is affected by the stochastic, fluctuating output of RESs, which is influenced by weather conditions, and a lack of inertia resulting from reduced rotating m...