Water footprint assessment at the ultra-supercritical (USC) coal power plant in Malaysia

• Main Authors: Mardi N.H., Ean L.W., Malek M.A., Chua K.H., Ahmed A.N.
• Other Authors: 57190171141
• Format: Article
• Published: Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH 2025
• Subjects: Coal; Electricity; Environmental Monitoring; Malaysia; Power Plants; Water; Water Supply; coal; water; Blue water; Electricity-generation; Gray water; Operational water footprint; Supply chain water footprint; Sustainable development goal 6; Ultra-supercritical coal power plants; Water energy; Water footprint; coal-fired power plant; consumption behavior; electricity generation; water footprint; water management; water resource; Article; chemical oxygen demand; coal mining; cooling; demineralization; effluent; electric power plant; electricity; energy; environmental sustainability; human; hydropower; Monte Carlo method; pollutant; recycling; reliability; solid waste management; sustainable development goal; waste water treatment plant; water availability; water pollution; water supply; environmental monitoring; procedures; Fossil fuel power plants

The power generation sector consumes significant amounts of water. A comprehensive water footprint (WF) assessment helps identify and monitor the processes consuming high amounts of water. This research evaluates the water footprint (WF) of electricity generation at a USC coal power plant, integrating on-site data for enhanced reliability. Based on the Water Footprint Assessment Manual, the electricity WF includes supply chain and operational WF. This study exhibits that the average electricity WF is 2.96 m3/MWh. The supply chain WF accounts for 95% of the total electricity WF, while operational WF contributes 5%. The blue WF accounts for 9.9% of the total electricity WF, while the grey water footprint accounts for 90.1%. The results of this research show a significant difference in the distribution of blue and grey WF in electricity WF. Factors contributing to the differences include the amount of coal consumption, power generation technology and power plant cooling technology. Furthermore, this study shows that grey WF depends on the concentration of pollutants considered. This research also conducted a WF impact assessment on local water resources and found that the blue and grey operational WF contributes to low impact. Monitoring the water footprint associated with electricity generation at a coal power plant would provide a more enhanced understanding of water consumption patterns, which could help influence water resources management. ? The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024.