A Review of the Status, Effects, Prevention, and Remediation of Groundwater Contamination for Sustainable Environment

Most water systems that support ecosystems and feed humans are depleted or stressed. Aquifer characteristics, topography, subsurface activities, climate, and geochemical processes regulate groundwater availability, a reliable source of fresh water. Globally, agriculture, industries, and the domestic...

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Main Authors: Ravindiran G., Rajamanickam S., Sivarethinamohan S., Karupaiya Sathaiah B., Ravindran G., Muniasamy S.K., Hayder G.
Other Authors: 57226345669
Format: Review
Published: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) 2024
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spelling my.uniten.dspace-340152024-10-14T11:17:40Z A Review of the Status, Effects, Prevention, and Remediation of Groundwater Contamination for Sustainable Environment Ravindiran G. Rajamanickam S. Sivarethinamohan S. Karupaiya Sathaiah B. Ravindran G. Muniasamy S.K. Hayder G. 57226345669 57190127095 59147744200 57147186000 57205017025 57214630614 56239664100 clean water and sanitation economic loss human health mitigation sources of contamination China India Acid rain Agricultural pollution Aquifers Crops Fertilizers Groundwater pollution Groundwater resources Losses Nitrates Pesticides Soil pollution Clean water and sanitation Clean waters Economic loss Groundwater contamination Groundwater utilization Human health Mitigation Source of contamination Sustainable environment Water system aquifer pollution economic activity environmental degradation groundwater pollution human activity literature review mitigation pollutant source public health remediation sanitation sustainability water resource Contamination Most water systems that support ecosystems and feed humans are depleted or stressed. Aquifer characteristics, topography, subsurface activities, climate, and geochemical processes regulate groundwater availability, a reliable source of fresh water. Globally, agriculture, industries, and the domestic sector are the three major sectors that consume vast quantities of freshwater resources. Further anthropogenic activities, such as soil leaching, acid rain, fertilizer, pesticides, mining, and other industrial activities, resulted in the release of organic and inorganic pollutants that affected global water resources. In India, groundwater is used in huge quantities, resulting in groundwater depletion of 1 to 2 m a year. Low-income countries face many issues related to water pollution, and the availability of safe water is minimal. In 2019, deaths due to unsafe sanitation accounted for 2.2% of the total global deaths, amounting to 1.2 million people�s deaths. India recorded 6.6% of deaths due to unsafe sanitation in 2019. India and China accounted for around 90.41% and 60.4% of the groundwater utilization for agricultural purposes, respectively. In 2020, China and India utilized vast quantities of nutrients (nitrate and phosphate) for crop growth to enhance crop yield, resulting in the highest nitrate and phosphate concentrations in groundwater. Remediating contaminants from different sources requires knowledge of their concentration, behavior, cycling, and degradation pathways. According to safety guidelines, limiting and optimizing crop organic and inorganic fertilizer, pesticide waste disposal, and empty container disposal can reduce groundwater contamination. The present study summarized groundwater utilization in various sectors, potential sources of groundwater contamination impacts on human health and the environment, preventive measures, and mitigation methods to overcome groundwater pollution. � 2023 by the authors. Final 2024-10-14T03:17:40Z 2024-10-14T03:17:40Z 2023 Review 10.3390/w15203662 2-s2.0-85175366200 https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85175366200&doi=10.3390%2fw15203662&partnerID=40&md5=095c384a202135fcf8b88d48e20baca5 https://irepository.uniten.edu.my/handle/123456789/34015 15 20 3662 All Open Access Gold Open Access Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) Scopus
institution Universiti Tenaga Nasional
building UNITEN Library
collection Institutional Repository
continent Asia
country Malaysia
content_provider Universiti Tenaga Nasional
content_source UNITEN Institutional Repository
url_provider http://dspace.uniten.edu.my/
topic clean water and sanitation
economic loss
human health
mitigation
sources of contamination
China
India
Acid rain
Agricultural pollution
Aquifers
Crops
Fertilizers
Groundwater pollution
Groundwater resources
Losses
Nitrates
Pesticides
Soil pollution
Clean water and sanitation
Clean waters
Economic loss
Groundwater contamination
Groundwater utilization
Human health
Mitigation
Source of contamination
Sustainable environment
Water system
aquifer pollution
economic activity
environmental degradation
groundwater pollution
human activity
literature review
mitigation
pollutant source
public health
remediation
sanitation
sustainability
water resource
Contamination
spellingShingle clean water and sanitation
economic loss
human health
mitigation
sources of contamination
China
India
Acid rain
Agricultural pollution
Aquifers
Crops
Fertilizers
Groundwater pollution
Groundwater resources
Losses
Nitrates
Pesticides
Soil pollution
Clean water and sanitation
Clean waters
Economic loss
Groundwater contamination
Groundwater utilization
Human health
Mitigation
Source of contamination
Sustainable environment
Water system
aquifer pollution
economic activity
environmental degradation
groundwater pollution
human activity
literature review
mitigation
pollutant source
public health
remediation
sanitation
sustainability
water resource
Contamination
Ravindiran G.
Rajamanickam S.
Sivarethinamohan S.
Karupaiya Sathaiah B.
Ravindran G.
Muniasamy S.K.
Hayder G.
A Review of the Status, Effects, Prevention, and Remediation of Groundwater Contamination for Sustainable Environment
description Most water systems that support ecosystems and feed humans are depleted or stressed. Aquifer characteristics, topography, subsurface activities, climate, and geochemical processes regulate groundwater availability, a reliable source of fresh water. Globally, agriculture, industries, and the domestic sector are the three major sectors that consume vast quantities of freshwater resources. Further anthropogenic activities, such as soil leaching, acid rain, fertilizer, pesticides, mining, and other industrial activities, resulted in the release of organic and inorganic pollutants that affected global water resources. In India, groundwater is used in huge quantities, resulting in groundwater depletion of 1 to 2 m a year. Low-income countries face many issues related to water pollution, and the availability of safe water is minimal. In 2019, deaths due to unsafe sanitation accounted for 2.2% of the total global deaths, amounting to 1.2 million people�s deaths. India recorded 6.6% of deaths due to unsafe sanitation in 2019. India and China accounted for around 90.41% and 60.4% of the groundwater utilization for agricultural purposes, respectively. In 2020, China and India utilized vast quantities of nutrients (nitrate and phosphate) for crop growth to enhance crop yield, resulting in the highest nitrate and phosphate concentrations in groundwater. Remediating contaminants from different sources requires knowledge of their concentration, behavior, cycling, and degradation pathways. According to safety guidelines, limiting and optimizing crop organic and inorganic fertilizer, pesticide waste disposal, and empty container disposal can reduce groundwater contamination. The present study summarized groundwater utilization in various sectors, potential sources of groundwater contamination impacts on human health and the environment, preventive measures, and mitigation methods to overcome groundwater pollution. � 2023 by the authors.
author2 57226345669
author_facet 57226345669
Ravindiran G.
Rajamanickam S.
Sivarethinamohan S.
Karupaiya Sathaiah B.
Ravindran G.
Muniasamy S.K.
Hayder G.
format Review
author Ravindiran G.
Rajamanickam S.
Sivarethinamohan S.
Karupaiya Sathaiah B.
Ravindran G.
Muniasamy S.K.
Hayder G.
author_sort Ravindiran G.
title A Review of the Status, Effects, Prevention, and Remediation of Groundwater Contamination for Sustainable Environment
title_short A Review of the Status, Effects, Prevention, and Remediation of Groundwater Contamination for Sustainable Environment
title_full A Review of the Status, Effects, Prevention, and Remediation of Groundwater Contamination for Sustainable Environment
title_fullStr A Review of the Status, Effects, Prevention, and Remediation of Groundwater Contamination for Sustainable Environment
title_full_unstemmed A Review of the Status, Effects, Prevention, and Remediation of Groundwater Contamination for Sustainable Environment
title_sort review of the status, effects, prevention, and remediation of groundwater contamination for sustainable environment
publisher Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
publishDate 2024
_version_ 1814061162544758784
score 13.214268