A Review of the Status, Effects, Prevention, and Remediation of Groundwater Contamination for Sustainable Environment
Most water systems that support ecosystems and feed humans are depleted or stressed. Aquifer characteristics, topography, subsurface activities, climate, and geochemical processes regulate groundwater availability, a reliable source of fresh water. Globally, agriculture, industries, and the domestic...
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my.uniten.dspace-340152024-10-14T11:17:40Z A Review of the Status, Effects, Prevention, and Remediation of Groundwater Contamination for Sustainable Environment Ravindiran G. Rajamanickam S. Sivarethinamohan S. Karupaiya Sathaiah B. Ravindran G. Muniasamy S.K. Hayder G. 57226345669 57190127095 59147744200 57147186000 57205017025 57214630614 56239664100 clean water and sanitation economic loss human health mitigation sources of contamination China India Acid rain Agricultural pollution Aquifers Crops Fertilizers Groundwater pollution Groundwater resources Losses Nitrates Pesticides Soil pollution Clean water and sanitation Clean waters Economic loss Groundwater contamination Groundwater utilization Human health Mitigation Source of contamination Sustainable environment Water system aquifer pollution economic activity environmental degradation groundwater pollution human activity literature review mitigation pollutant source public health remediation sanitation sustainability water resource Contamination Most water systems that support ecosystems and feed humans are depleted or stressed. Aquifer characteristics, topography, subsurface activities, climate, and geochemical processes regulate groundwater availability, a reliable source of fresh water. Globally, agriculture, industries, and the domestic sector are the three major sectors that consume vast quantities of freshwater resources. Further anthropogenic activities, such as soil leaching, acid rain, fertilizer, pesticides, mining, and other industrial activities, resulted in the release of organic and inorganic pollutants that affected global water resources. In India, groundwater is used in huge quantities, resulting in groundwater depletion of 1 to 2 m a year. Low-income countries face many issues related to water pollution, and the availability of safe water is minimal. In 2019, deaths due to unsafe sanitation accounted for 2.2% of the total global deaths, amounting to 1.2 million people�s deaths. India recorded 6.6% of deaths due to unsafe sanitation in 2019. India and China accounted for around 90.41% and 60.4% of the groundwater utilization for agricultural purposes, respectively. In 2020, China and India utilized vast quantities of nutrients (nitrate and phosphate) for crop growth to enhance crop yield, resulting in the highest nitrate and phosphate concentrations in groundwater. Remediating contaminants from different sources requires knowledge of their concentration, behavior, cycling, and degradation pathways. According to safety guidelines, limiting and optimizing crop organic and inorganic fertilizer, pesticide waste disposal, and empty container disposal can reduce groundwater contamination. The present study summarized groundwater utilization in various sectors, potential sources of groundwater contamination impacts on human health and the environment, preventive measures, and mitigation methods to overcome groundwater pollution. � 2023 by the authors. Final 2024-10-14T03:17:40Z 2024-10-14T03:17:40Z 2023 Review 10.3390/w15203662 2-s2.0-85175366200 https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85175366200&doi=10.3390%2fw15203662&partnerID=40&md5=095c384a202135fcf8b88d48e20baca5 https://irepository.uniten.edu.my/handle/123456789/34015 15 20 3662 All Open Access Gold Open Access Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) Scopus |
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clean water and sanitation economic loss human health mitigation sources of contamination China India Acid rain Agricultural pollution Aquifers Crops Fertilizers Groundwater pollution Groundwater resources Losses Nitrates Pesticides Soil pollution Clean water and sanitation Clean waters Economic loss Groundwater contamination Groundwater utilization Human health Mitigation Source of contamination Sustainable environment Water system aquifer pollution economic activity environmental degradation groundwater pollution human activity literature review mitigation pollutant source public health remediation sanitation sustainability water resource Contamination |
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clean water and sanitation economic loss human health mitigation sources of contamination China India Acid rain Agricultural pollution Aquifers Crops Fertilizers Groundwater pollution Groundwater resources Losses Nitrates Pesticides Soil pollution Clean water and sanitation Clean waters Economic loss Groundwater contamination Groundwater utilization Human health Mitigation Source of contamination Sustainable environment Water system aquifer pollution economic activity environmental degradation groundwater pollution human activity literature review mitigation pollutant source public health remediation sanitation sustainability water resource Contamination Ravindiran G. Rajamanickam S. Sivarethinamohan S. Karupaiya Sathaiah B. Ravindran G. Muniasamy S.K. Hayder G. A Review of the Status, Effects, Prevention, and Remediation of Groundwater Contamination for Sustainable Environment |
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Most water systems that support ecosystems and feed humans are depleted or stressed. Aquifer characteristics, topography, subsurface activities, climate, and geochemical processes regulate groundwater availability, a reliable source of fresh water. Globally, agriculture, industries, and the domestic sector are the three major sectors that consume vast quantities of freshwater resources. Further anthropogenic activities, such as soil leaching, acid rain, fertilizer, pesticides, mining, and other industrial activities, resulted in the release of organic and inorganic pollutants that affected global water resources. In India, groundwater is used in huge quantities, resulting in groundwater depletion of 1 to 2 m a year. Low-income countries face many issues related to water pollution, and the availability of safe water is minimal. In 2019, deaths due to unsafe sanitation accounted for 2.2% of the total global deaths, amounting to 1.2 million people�s deaths. India recorded 6.6% of deaths due to unsafe sanitation in 2019. India and China accounted for around 90.41% and 60.4% of the groundwater utilization for agricultural purposes, respectively. In 2020, China and India utilized vast quantities of nutrients (nitrate and phosphate) for crop growth to enhance crop yield, resulting in the highest nitrate and phosphate concentrations in groundwater. Remediating contaminants from different sources requires knowledge of their concentration, behavior, cycling, and degradation pathways. According to safety guidelines, limiting and optimizing crop organic and inorganic fertilizer, pesticide waste disposal, and empty container disposal can reduce groundwater contamination. The present study summarized groundwater utilization in various sectors, potential sources of groundwater contamination impacts on human health and the environment, preventive measures, and mitigation methods to overcome groundwater pollution. � 2023 by the authors. |
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57226345669 |
author_facet |
57226345669 Ravindiran G. Rajamanickam S. Sivarethinamohan S. Karupaiya Sathaiah B. Ravindran G. Muniasamy S.K. Hayder G. |
format |
Review |
author |
Ravindiran G. Rajamanickam S. Sivarethinamohan S. Karupaiya Sathaiah B. Ravindran G. Muniasamy S.K. Hayder G. |
author_sort |
Ravindiran G. |
title |
A Review of the Status, Effects, Prevention, and Remediation of Groundwater Contamination for Sustainable Environment |
title_short |
A Review of the Status, Effects, Prevention, and Remediation of Groundwater Contamination for Sustainable Environment |
title_full |
A Review of the Status, Effects, Prevention, and Remediation of Groundwater Contamination for Sustainable Environment |
title_fullStr |
A Review of the Status, Effects, Prevention, and Remediation of Groundwater Contamination for Sustainable Environment |
title_full_unstemmed |
A Review of the Status, Effects, Prevention, and Remediation of Groundwater Contamination for Sustainable Environment |
title_sort |
review of the status, effects, prevention, and remediation of groundwater contamination for sustainable environment |
publisher |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) |
publishDate |
2024 |
_version_ |
1814061162544758784 |
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13.209306 |