The Effect of the El Nino Southern Oscillation on Precipitation Extremes in the Hindu Kush Mountains Range

• Main Authors: Masood M.U., Haider S., Rashid M., Lodhi M.U.K., Pande C.B., Alshehri F., Ahmed K.O., Scholz M., Sammen S.S.
• Other Authors: 57062195300
• Format: Article
• Published: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) 2024
• Subjects: ENSO; Innovative Trend Analysis; Mann�Kendall test; Upper Indus Basin; Hindu Kush; Indus Basin; Atmospheric pressure; Rain; EL Nino; El Nino southern oscillation; Extreme precipitation; Innovative trend analyse; Innovative trends; Mann-Kendall test; Precipitation indices; Southern oscillation index; Trend analysis; climate change; El Nino-Southern Oscillation; La Nina; precipitation intensity; statistical analysis; trend analysis; Climate change

The El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon is devastating as it negatively impacts global climatic conditions, which can cause extreme events, including floods and droughts, which are harmful to the region�s economy. Pakistan is also considered one of the climate change hotspot regions in the world. Therefore, the present study investigates the effect of the ENSO on extreme precipitation events across the Upper Indus Basin. We examined the connections between 11 extreme precipitation indices (EPIs) and two ENSO indicators, the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and the Oceanic Ni�o Index (ONI). This analysis covers both annual and seasonal scales and spans the period from 1971 to 2019. Statistical tests (i.e., Mann�Kendall (MK) and Innovative Trend Analysis (ITA)) were used to observe the variations in the EPIs. The results revealed that the number of Consecutive Dry Days (CDDs) is increasing more than Consecutive Wet Days (CWDs)