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Synthesis of Magnetic Catalyst Derived from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch for Esterification of Oleic Acid: An Optimization Study

Esterification; Esters; Fruits; Hematite; Magnetism; Molar ratio; Oleic acid; Palm oil; Acid catalyst; Empty fruit bunches; Esterification of oleic acids; Magnetic catalysts; Oil palm; Oil palm empty fruit bunch; Optimisations; Optimization studies; Sources of energy; ]+ catalyst; Biomass

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Main Authors: Krishnan S.G., Pua F.-L., Tan E.-S.
Other Authors: 57190370972
Format: Article
Published: Diponegoro University 2023
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spelling my.uniten.dspace-272062023-05-29T17:40:57Z Synthesis of Magnetic Catalyst Derived from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch for Esterification of Oleic Acid: An Optimization Study Krishnan S.G. Pua F.-L. Tan E.-S. 57190370972 36024192100 16425096800 Esterification; Esters; Fruits; Hematite; Magnetism; Molar ratio; Oleic acid; Palm oil; Acid catalyst; Empty fruit bunches; Esterification of oleic acids; Magnetic catalysts; Oil palm; Oil palm empty fruit bunch; Optimisations; Optimization studies; Sources of energy; ]+ catalyst; Biomass Biomass, renewable, abundantly available and a good source of energy. The conversion of biomass waste into valuable products has received wide attention. In this study, an empty fruit bunch (oil palm EFB) supported magnetic acid catalyst for esterification reaction was successfully prepared via the one-step impregnation process. The new magnetic catalyst achieved a higher surface area of 188.87 m2/g with a total acidity of 2.4 mmol/g and identified iron oxide as ?-Fe2O3. The magnetization value of 24.97 emu/g demonstrated that the superparamagnetic catalyst could be easily recovered and separated after the reaction using an external magnet. The catalytic performance of oil palm EFB supported magnetic acid catalyst was examined by esterification of oleic acid. Esterification process parameters were optimized via Response Surface Methodology (RSM) optimization tool with Box-Behnken design (BBD). The following optimum parameters were determined: an amount of 9 wt% catalyst, molar ratio of methanol to oleic acid of 12:1, reaction time of 2 h and reaction temperature of 60 �C with a maximum conversion of 94.91% was achieved. The catalyst can be recycled up to five cycles with minimal loss in its activity. The oil palm waste-based magnetic acid catalyst indicates its potential replacement to the existing solid catalysts that are economical and environmentally friendly for the esterification process in biofuel applications. Copyright � 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. Final 2023-05-29T09:40:57Z 2023-05-29T09:40:57Z 2022 Article 10.9767/bcrec.17.1.12392.65-77 2-s2.0-85129302504 https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85129302504&doi=10.9767%2fbcrec.17.1.12392.65-77&partnerID=40&md5=e6c430838524630200eeaebad5196479 https://irepository.uniten.edu.my/handle/123456789/27206 17 1 65 77 All Open Access, Gold Diponegoro University Scopus
institution Universiti Tenaga Nasional
building UNITEN Library
collection Institutional Repository
continent Asia
country Malaysia
content_provider Universiti Tenaga Nasional
content_source UNITEN Institutional Repository
url_provider http://dspace.uniten.edu.my/
description Esterification; Esters; Fruits; Hematite; Magnetism; Molar ratio; Oleic acid; Palm oil; Acid catalyst; Empty fruit bunches; Esterification of oleic acids; Magnetic catalysts; Oil palm; Oil palm empty fruit bunch; Optimisations; Optimization studies; Sources of energy; ]+ catalyst; Biomass
author2 57190370972
author_facet 57190370972
Krishnan S.G.
Pua F.-L.
Tan E.-S.
format Article
author Krishnan S.G.
Pua F.-L.
Tan E.-S.
spellingShingle Krishnan S.G.
Pua F.-L.
Tan E.-S.
Synthesis of Magnetic Catalyst Derived from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch for Esterification of Oleic Acid: An Optimization Study
author_sort Krishnan S.G.
title Synthesis of Magnetic Catalyst Derived from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch for Esterification of Oleic Acid: An Optimization Study
title_short Synthesis of Magnetic Catalyst Derived from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch for Esterification of Oleic Acid: An Optimization Study
title_full Synthesis of Magnetic Catalyst Derived from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch for Esterification of Oleic Acid: An Optimization Study
title_fullStr Synthesis of Magnetic Catalyst Derived from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch for Esterification of Oleic Acid: An Optimization Study
title_full_unstemmed Synthesis of Magnetic Catalyst Derived from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch for Esterification of Oleic Acid: An Optimization Study
title_sort synthesis of magnetic catalyst derived from oil palm empty fruit bunch for esterification of oleic acid: an optimization study
publisher Diponegoro University
publishDate 2023
_version_ 1806426141576134656
score 13.223943

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