The Effect of Rainfall on the UAV Placement for 5G Spectrum in Malaysia

In this paper, the influence of rainfall on the deployment of UAV as an aerial base station in the Malaysia 5G network is studied. The outdoor-to-outdoor and outdoor-to-indoor path loss models are derived by considering the user�s antenna height, rain attenuation, and the wall penetration loss at hi...

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Main Authors: Shalaby A.M., Othman N.S.
Other Authors: 57219433216
Format: Article
Published: MDPI 2023
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spelling my.uniten.dspace-269542023-05-29T17:38:07Z The Effect of Rainfall on the UAV Placement for 5G Spectrum in Malaysia Shalaby A.M. Othman N.S. 57219433216 56426823300 In this paper, the influence of rainfall on the deployment of UAV as an aerial base station in the Malaysia 5G network is studied. The outdoor-to-outdoor and outdoor-to-indoor path loss models are derived by considering the user�s antenna height, rain attenuation, and the wall penetration loss at high frequencies. The problem of finding the UAV 3D placement is formulated with the objective to minimize the total path loss between the UAV and all users. The problem is solved by invoking two algorithms, namely Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Gradient Descent (GD) algorithms. The performance of the proposed algorithms is evaluated by considering two scenarios to determine the optimum location of the UAV, namely outdoor-to-outdoor and outdoor-to-indoor scenarios. The simulation results show that, for the outdoor-to-outdoor scenario, both algorithms resulted in similar UAV 3D placement unlike for the outdoor-to-indoor scenario. Additionally, in both scenarios, the proposed algorithm that invokes PSO requires less iterations to converge to the minimum transmit power compared to that of the algorithm that invokes GD. Moreover, it is also observed that the rain attenuation increases the total path loss for high operating frequencies, namely at 24.9 GHz and 28.1 GHz. Hence, this resulted in an increase of UAV required transmit power. At 28.1 GHz, the presence of rain at the rate of 250 mm/h resulted in an increase of UAV required transmit power by a factor of 4 and 15 for outdoor-to-outdoor and outdoor-to-indoor scenarios, respectively. � 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Final 2023-05-29T09:38:07Z 2023-05-29T09:38:07Z 2022 Article 10.3390/electronics11050681 2-s2.0-85125410472 https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85125410472&doi=10.3390%2felectronics11050681&partnerID=40&md5=cb028c45a54775450d18ba2681e3c018 https://irepository.uniten.edu.my/handle/123456789/26954 11 5 681 All Open Access, Gold MDPI Scopus
institution Universiti Tenaga Nasional
building UNITEN Library
collection Institutional Repository
continent Asia
country Malaysia
content_provider Universiti Tenaga Nasional
content_source UNITEN Institutional Repository
url_provider http://dspace.uniten.edu.my/
description In this paper, the influence of rainfall on the deployment of UAV as an aerial base station in the Malaysia 5G network is studied. The outdoor-to-outdoor and outdoor-to-indoor path loss models are derived by considering the user�s antenna height, rain attenuation, and the wall penetration loss at high frequencies. The problem of finding the UAV 3D placement is formulated with the objective to minimize the total path loss between the UAV and all users. The problem is solved by invoking two algorithms, namely Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Gradient Descent (GD) algorithms. The performance of the proposed algorithms is evaluated by considering two scenarios to determine the optimum location of the UAV, namely outdoor-to-outdoor and outdoor-to-indoor scenarios. The simulation results show that, for the outdoor-to-outdoor scenario, both algorithms resulted in similar UAV 3D placement unlike for the outdoor-to-indoor scenario. Additionally, in both scenarios, the proposed algorithm that invokes PSO requires less iterations to converge to the minimum transmit power compared to that of the algorithm that invokes GD. Moreover, it is also observed that the rain attenuation increases the total path loss for high operating frequencies, namely at 24.9 GHz and 28.1 GHz. Hence, this resulted in an increase of UAV required transmit power. At 28.1 GHz, the presence of rain at the rate of 250 mm/h resulted in an increase of UAV required transmit power by a factor of 4 and 15 for outdoor-to-outdoor and outdoor-to-indoor scenarios, respectively. � 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
author2 57219433216
author_facet 57219433216
Shalaby A.M.
Othman N.S.
format Article
author Shalaby A.M.
Othman N.S.
spellingShingle Shalaby A.M.
Othman N.S.
The Effect of Rainfall on the UAV Placement for 5G Spectrum in Malaysia
author_sort Shalaby A.M.
title The Effect of Rainfall on the UAV Placement for 5G Spectrum in Malaysia
title_short The Effect of Rainfall on the UAV Placement for 5G Spectrum in Malaysia
title_full The Effect of Rainfall on the UAV Placement for 5G Spectrum in Malaysia
title_fullStr The Effect of Rainfall on the UAV Placement for 5G Spectrum in Malaysia
title_full_unstemmed The Effect of Rainfall on the UAV Placement for 5G Spectrum in Malaysia
title_sort effect of rainfall on the uav placement for 5g spectrum in malaysia
publisher MDPI
publishDate 2023
_version_ 1806427811707092992
score 13.222552