Europe Union Ban on Palm Oil : The Trend of Palm Oil Competitiveness and The Co-Integration on The Soybean and Rapes

• Main Authors: Rossazana Ab-Rahim, Ab-Rahim, Abdul Hayy Haziq, Mohamad, Nur Nazifah, Mohamad
• Format: Proceeding
• Language: English
• Published: 2022
• Subjects: HB Economic Theory
• Online Access: http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/41279/3/Europe.pdf; http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/41279/

Wheat is the third most important grain in the world and the most common source of protein and energy for people around the world, making it a truly important staple grain on a global scale. There is great concern about the safety of wheat for future generations as a result of rapid global population growth, climate change, and the recent COVID-19 pandemic. The conflict between Russia and Ukraine makes the situation worse as the two countries alone are responsible for a little under 30 percent of the world’s wheat exports. In addition, Russia and Ukraine are the main suppliers of wheat to 38 different countries, including some of the least developed and poorest countries in the world. This paper aims to analyse the comparative advantage of the 5 largest wheat exporters from 2001 to 2021 by using the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Revealed Symmetrical Comparative Advantage (RSCA) index to study the current level of wheat export competitiveness. The study also uses the export growth and TBI methods to estimate the resilience of the selected wheat exporting countries, especially Russia and Ukraine, after both countries may experience a shortage of wheat due to the economic sanction imposed on Russia and Ukraine’s logistical problems. The results from the analysis show that Russia has completely lost competitiveness since 2020, and it was predicted that neither Ukraine nor Russia faces problems even if they do not import or export wheat because they have maintained a TBI status close to optimum for 15 consecutive years for Ukraine and 13 consecutive years for Russia (since 2007).