Spatio‐temporal distribution and hotspots of Plasmodium knowlesi infections in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo
Plasmodium knowlesi infections in Malaysia are a new threat to public health and to the national efforts on malaria elimination. In the Kapit division of Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, two divergent P. knowlesi subpopulations (termed Cluster 1 and Cluster 2) infect humans and are associated with long-ta...
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my.unimas.ir.401732022-10-18T01:20:55Z http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/40173/ Spatio‐temporal distribution and hotspots of Plasmodium knowlesi infections in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo Nur Emyliana, Yunos Sharkawi, Hamidi Mohamad Hii, King Ching Hu, Ting Huey Dayang Shuaisah, Awang Mohamad Rosli, Nawal Tarmiji, Masron Balbir, Singh Divis, Paul Cliff Simon QR Microbiology RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine Plasmodium knowlesi infections in Malaysia are a new threat to public health and to the national efforts on malaria elimination. In the Kapit division of Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, two divergent P. knowlesi subpopulations (termed Cluster 1 and Cluster 2) infect humans and are associated with long-tailed macaque and pig-tailed macaque hosts, respectively. It has been suggested that forest-associated activities and environmental modifications trigger the increasing number of knowlesi malaria cases. Since there is a steady increase of P. knowlesi infections over the past decades in Sarawak, particularly in the Kapit division, we aimed to identify hotspots of knowlesi malaria cases and their association with forest activities at a geographical scale using the Geographic Information System (GIS) tool. A total of 1064 P. knowlesi infections from 2014 to 2019 in the Kapit and Song districts of the Kapit division were studied. Overall demographic data showed that males and those aged between 18 and 64 years old were the most frequently infected (64%), and 35% of infections involved farming activities. Thirty-nine percent of Cluster 1 infections were mainly related to farming surrounding residential areas while 40% of Cluster 2 infections were associated with activities in the deep forest. Average Nearest Neighbour (ANN) analysis showed that humans infected with both P. knowlesi subpopulations exhibited a clustering distribution pattern of infection. The Kernel Density Analysis (KDA) indicated that the hotspot of infections surrounding Kapit and Song towns were classified as high-risk areas for zoonotic malaria transmission. This study provides useful information for staff of the Sarawak State Vector-Borne Disease Control Programme in their efforts to control and prevent zoonotic malaria. Springer Nature 2022-10-14 Article PeerReviewed text en http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/40173/3/Spatio%E2%80%91temporal%20-%201.pdf Nur Emyliana, Yunos and Sharkawi, Hamidi Mohamad and Hii, King Ching and Hu, Ting Huey and Dayang Shuaisah, Awang Mohamad and Rosli, Nawal and Tarmiji, Masron and Balbir, Singh and Divis, Paul Cliff Simon (2022) Spatio‐temporal distribution and hotspots of Plasmodium knowlesi infections in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Scientific Reports, 12 (17284). pp. 1-11. ISSN 2045-2322 https://www.nature.com/srep/ https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-21439-2 |
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QR Microbiology RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine Nur Emyliana, Yunos Sharkawi, Hamidi Mohamad Hii, King Ching Hu, Ting Huey Dayang Shuaisah, Awang Mohamad Rosli, Nawal Tarmiji, Masron Balbir, Singh Divis, Paul Cliff Simon Spatio‐temporal distribution and hotspots of Plasmodium knowlesi infections in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo |
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Plasmodium knowlesi infections in Malaysia are a new threat to public health and to the national efforts on malaria elimination. In the Kapit division of Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, two divergent P. knowlesi subpopulations (termed Cluster 1 and Cluster 2) infect humans and are associated with long-tailed macaque and pig-tailed macaque hosts, respectively. It has been suggested that forest-associated activities and environmental modifications trigger the increasing number of knowlesi malaria cases. Since there is a steady increase of P. knowlesi infections over the past decades in Sarawak, particularly in the Kapit division, we aimed to identify hotspots of knowlesi malaria cases and their association with forest activities at a geographical scale using the Geographic Information System (GIS) tool. A total of 1064 P. knowlesi infections from 2014 to 2019 in the Kapit and Song districts of the Kapit division were studied. Overall demographic data showed that males and those aged between 18 and 64 years old were the most frequently infected (64%), and 35% of infections involved farming activities. Thirty-nine percent of Cluster 1 infections were mainly related to farming surrounding residential areas while 40% of Cluster 2 infections were associated with activities in the deep forest. Average Nearest Neighbour (ANN) analysis showed that humans infected with both P. knowlesi subpopulations exhibited a clustering distribution pattern of infection. The Kernel Density Analysis (KDA) indicated that the hotspot of infections surrounding Kapit and Song towns were classified as high-risk areas for zoonotic malaria transmission. This study provides useful information for staff of the Sarawak State Vector-Borne Disease Control Programme in their efforts to control and prevent zoonotic malaria. |
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Article |
author |
Nur Emyliana, Yunos Sharkawi, Hamidi Mohamad Hii, King Ching Hu, Ting Huey Dayang Shuaisah, Awang Mohamad Rosli, Nawal Tarmiji, Masron Balbir, Singh Divis, Paul Cliff Simon |
author_facet |
Nur Emyliana, Yunos Sharkawi, Hamidi Mohamad Hii, King Ching Hu, Ting Huey Dayang Shuaisah, Awang Mohamad Rosli, Nawal Tarmiji, Masron Balbir, Singh Divis, Paul Cliff Simon |
author_sort |
Nur Emyliana, Yunos |
title |
Spatio‐temporal distribution and hotspots of Plasmodium knowlesi infections in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo |
title_short |
Spatio‐temporal distribution and hotspots of Plasmodium knowlesi infections in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo |
title_full |
Spatio‐temporal distribution and hotspots of Plasmodium knowlesi infections in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo |
title_fullStr |
Spatio‐temporal distribution and hotspots of Plasmodium knowlesi infections in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo |
title_full_unstemmed |
Spatio‐temporal distribution and hotspots of Plasmodium knowlesi infections in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo |
title_sort |
spatio‐temporal distribution and hotspots of plasmodium knowlesi infections in sarawak, malaysian borneo |
publisher |
Springer Nature |
publishDate |
2022 |
url |
http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/40173/3/Spatio%E2%80%91temporal%20-%201.pdf http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/40173/ https://www.nature.com/srep/ https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-21439-2 |
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1748184465168924672 |
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13.15806 |