Reply to: Causal claims, causal assumptions and protected area impact

• Main Authors: Jedediah F., Brodie, Mohd Azlan, Jayasilan, Cheng, Chen, Oliver R., Wearn, Mairin C. M., Deith, James G., C. Ball, Eleanor M., Slade, David F. R., P. Burslem, Shu, Woan Teoh, Peter J., Williams, Anh, Nguyen, Jonathan H., Moore, Scott J., Goetz
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: Springer Nature 2025
• Subjects: QL Zoology
• Online Access: http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/47677/2/CAUSAL.pdf; http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/47677/; https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08513-7; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08512-8

In the accompanying Comment, Geldmann et al.1 incorrectly claim that protected area (PA) efficacy cannot be established without biodiversity data that predates establishment of the PA. Spatial correlates of diversity are known as a result of centuries of ecological research; our analyses controlled...