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Changes in biologically-active ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface

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Main Authors: McKenzie, Richard L, Aucamp, Pieter J., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Björn, Lars Olof, Ilyas, Mohammad
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: The Royal Society of Chemistry & Owner Societies 2009
Subjects:
Ultraviolet radiation
Solar radiation
Ozone
Atmospheric ozone > Environmental aspects
Atmospheric ozone
Solar radiation > Physiological effect
Online Access:http://dspace.unimap.edu.my/xmlui/handle/123456789/6903
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id my.unimap-6903
record_format dspace
institution Universiti Malaysia Perlis
building UniMAP Library
collection Institutional Repository
continent Asia
country Malaysia
content_provider Universiti Malaysia Perlis
content_source UniMAP Library Digital Repository
url_provider http://dspace.unimap.edu.my/
language English
topic Ultraviolet radiation
Solar radiation
Ozone
Atmospheric ozone -- Environmental aspects
Atmospheric ozone
Solar radiation -- Physiological effect
spellingShingle Ultraviolet radiation
Solar radiation
Ozone
Atmospheric ozone -- Environmental aspects
Atmospheric ozone
Solar radiation -- Physiological effect
McKenzie, Richard L
Aucamp, Pieter J.
Bais, Alkiviadis F.
Björn, Lars Olof
Ilyas, Mohammad
Changes in biologically-active ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface
description Link to publisher's homepage at http://www.rsc.org
format Article
author McKenzie, Richard L
Aucamp, Pieter J.
Bais, Alkiviadis F.
Björn, Lars Olof
Ilyas, Mohammad
author_facet McKenzie, Richard L
Aucamp, Pieter J.
Bais, Alkiviadis F.
Björn, Lars Olof
Ilyas, Mohammad
author_sort McKenzie, Richard L
title Changes in biologically-active ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface
title_short Changes in biologically-active ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface
title_full Changes in biologically-active ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface
title_fullStr Changes in biologically-active ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface
title_full_unstemmed Changes in biologically-active ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface
title_sort changes in biologically-active ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth's surface
publisher The Royal Society of Chemistry & Owner Societies
publishDate 2009
url http://dspace.unimap.edu.my/xmlui/handle/123456789/6903
_version_ 1643788580870422528
spelling my.unimap-69032009-08-17T02:02:15Z Changes in biologically-active ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface McKenzie, Richard L Aucamp, Pieter J. Bais, Alkiviadis F. Björn, Lars Olof Ilyas, Mohammad Ultraviolet radiation Solar radiation Ozone Atmospheric ozone -- Environmental aspects Atmospheric ozone Solar radiation -- Physiological effect Link to publisher's homepage at http://www.rsc.org The Montreal Protocol is working. Concentrations of major ozone-depleting substances in the atmosphere are now decreasing, and the decline in total column amounts seen in the 1980s and 1990s at mid-latitudes has not continued. In polar regions, there is much greater natural variability. Each spring, large ozone holes continue to occur in Antarctica and less severe regions of depleted ozone continue to occur in the Arctic. There is evidence that some of these changes are driven by changes in atmospheric circulation rather than being solely attributable to reductions in ozone-depleting substances, which may indicate a linkage to climate change. Global ozone is still lower than in the 1970s and a return to that state is not expected for several decades. As changes in ozone impinge directly on UV radiation, elevated UV radiation due to reduced ozone is expected to continue over that period. Long-term changes in UV-B due to ozone depletion are difficult to verify through direct measurement, but there is strong evidence that UV-B irradiance increased over the period of ozone depletion. At unpolluted sites in the southern hemisphere, there is some evidence that UV-B irradiance has diminished since the late 1990s. The availability and temporal extent of UV data have improved, and we are now able to evaluate the changes in recent times compared with those estimated since the late 1920s, when ozone measurements first became available. The increases in UV-B irradiance over the latter part of the 20th century have been larger than the natural variability. There is increased evidence that aerosols have a larger effect on surface UV-B radiation than previously thought. At some sites in the Northern Hemisphere, UV-B irradiance may continue to increase because of continuing reductions in aerosol extinctions since the 1990s. Interactions between ozone depletion and climate change are complex and can be mediated through changes in chemistry, radiation, and atmospheric circulation patterns. The changes can be in both directions: ozone changes can affect climate, and climate change can affect ozone. The observational evidence suggests that stratospheric ozone (and therefore UV-B) has responded relatively quickly to changes in ozone-depleting substances, implying that climate interactions have not delayed this process. Model calculations predict that at mid-latitudes a return of ozone to pre-1980 levels is expected by the mid 21st century. However, it may take a decade or two longer in polar regions. Climate change can also affect UV radiation through changes in cloudiness and albedo, without involving ozone and since temperature changes over the 21st century are likely to be about 5 times greater than in the past century. This is likely to have significant effects on future cloud, aerosol and surface reflectivity. Consequently, unless strong mitigation measures are undertaken with respect to climate change, profound effects on the biosphere and on the solar UV radiation received at the Earth's surface can be anticipated. The future remains uncertain. Ozone is expected to increase slowly over the decades ahead, but it is not known whether ozone will return to higher levels, or lower levels, than those present prior to the onset of ozone depletion in the 1970s. There is even greater uncertainty about future UV radiation, since it will be additionally influenced by changes in aerosols and clouds. 2009-08-17T02:02:01Z 2009-08-17T02:02:01Z 2007 Article Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, vol.6 (3), 2007, pages 218-231. 1474-905X (Print) 1474-9092 (Online) http://www.rsc.org/publishing/journals/PP/article.asp?doi=b700017k http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/6903 en The Royal Society of Chemistry & Owner Societies
score 13.214268

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