Falciparum Malaria Outbreak in Sabah Linked to an Immigrant Rubber Tapper

Sabah is a Malaysian state situated in the northern part of Borneo, and it is endemic for malaria. The incidence of malaria is the lowest (0.05/1,000 population) in Penampang districts of Sabah. In June 26, 2012, two Plasmodium falciparum malaria cases were notified to public health department from...

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Main Authors: Saffree Mohammad Jeffree, Kamruddin Ahmed, Nazarudin Safian, Rohaizat Hassan, Omar Mihat, Khamisah Awang Lukman, Shamsul Bahari Shamsudin, Fadzilah Kamaludin
Format: Article
Language:English
English
Published: 2020
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Online Access:https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/25679/1/Falciparum%20Malaria%20Outbreak%20in%20Sabah%20Linked%20to%20an%20Immigrant%20Rubber%20Tapper.pdf
https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/25679/2/Falciparum%20Malaria%20Outbreak%20in%20Sabah%20Linked%20to%20an%20Immigrant%20Rubber%20Tapper1.pdf
https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/25679/
https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.17-0081
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spelling my.ums.eprints.256792020-07-23T01:50:23Z https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/25679/ Falciparum Malaria Outbreak in Sabah Linked to an Immigrant Rubber Tapper Saffree Mohammad Jeffree Kamruddin Ahmed Nazarudin Safian Rohaizat Hassan Omar Mihat Khamisah Awang Lukman Shamsul Bahari Shamsudin Fadzilah Kamaludin R Medicine (General) RA Public aspects of medicine Sabah is a Malaysian state situated in the northern part of Borneo, and it is endemic for malaria. The incidence of malaria is the lowest (0.05/1,000 population) in Penampang districts of Sabah. In June 26, 2012, two Plasmodium falciparum malaria cases were notified to public health department from a village in Penampang. Immediate investigation was initiated to identify the risk factors and to institute control measures. We performed active case finding by asking household members of all houses in the village regarding malaria symptoms and by examining blood smears. Environmental investigation was performed by collecting samples to detect mosquito breeding sites and to identify malaria transmitting vector mosquitoes. A case–control study with a ratio of 1:4 (11 cases and 44 controls) was conducted using self-administered questionnaire. The microscopic examination of blood smear for malarial parasite and entomology sampling was carried out. The malarial attack rate was 2.3%, 6/11 smears have gametocyte, and the case fatality rate was 9.1%. One case was a migrant rubber tapper from Indonesia which happened to be the first case with gametocyte positive. Overall, the incidence of malaria was higher (6/11) among rubber tappers. The odds of cases for those living nearby stagnant water were 7.3 [95% confidence interval: 1.2–43.5] times higher. In conclusion, an outbreak of P. falciparum malaria was introduced into a malaria-free village by a migrant rubber tapper, by whom the imported parasite was introduced to the community via vector Anopheles balabacensis. Living near stagnant water bodies was the risk factor in this outbreak. 2020 Article PeerReviewed text en https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/25679/1/Falciparum%20Malaria%20Outbreak%20in%20Sabah%20Linked%20to%20an%20Immigrant%20Rubber%20Tapper.pdf text en https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/25679/2/Falciparum%20Malaria%20Outbreak%20in%20Sabah%20Linked%20to%20an%20Immigrant%20Rubber%20Tapper1.pdf Saffree Mohammad Jeffree and Kamruddin Ahmed and Nazarudin Safian and Rohaizat Hassan and Omar Mihat and Khamisah Awang Lukman and Shamsul Bahari Shamsudin and Fadzilah Kamaludin (2020) Falciparum Malaria Outbreak in Sabah Linked to an Immigrant Rubber Tapper. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 98 (1). pp. 45-50. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.17-0081
institution Universiti Malaysia Sabah
building UMS Library
collection Institutional Repository
continent Asia
country Malaysia
content_provider Universiti Malaysia Sabah
content_source UMS Institutional Repository
url_provider http://eprints.ums.edu.my/
language English
English
topic R Medicine (General)
RA Public aspects of medicine
spellingShingle R Medicine (General)
RA Public aspects of medicine
Saffree Mohammad Jeffree
Kamruddin Ahmed
Nazarudin Safian
Rohaizat Hassan
Omar Mihat
Khamisah Awang Lukman
Shamsul Bahari Shamsudin
Fadzilah Kamaludin
Falciparum Malaria Outbreak in Sabah Linked to an Immigrant Rubber Tapper
description Sabah is a Malaysian state situated in the northern part of Borneo, and it is endemic for malaria. The incidence of malaria is the lowest (0.05/1,000 population) in Penampang districts of Sabah. In June 26, 2012, two Plasmodium falciparum malaria cases were notified to public health department from a village in Penampang. Immediate investigation was initiated to identify the risk factors and to institute control measures. We performed active case finding by asking household members of all houses in the village regarding malaria symptoms and by examining blood smears. Environmental investigation was performed by collecting samples to detect mosquito breeding sites and to identify malaria transmitting vector mosquitoes. A case–control study with a ratio of 1:4 (11 cases and 44 controls) was conducted using self-administered questionnaire. The microscopic examination of blood smear for malarial parasite and entomology sampling was carried out. The malarial attack rate was 2.3%, 6/11 smears have gametocyte, and the case fatality rate was 9.1%. One case was a migrant rubber tapper from Indonesia which happened to be the first case with gametocyte positive. Overall, the incidence of malaria was higher (6/11) among rubber tappers. The odds of cases for those living nearby stagnant water were 7.3 [95% confidence interval: 1.2–43.5] times higher. In conclusion, an outbreak of P. falciparum malaria was introduced into a malaria-free village by a migrant rubber tapper, by whom the imported parasite was introduced to the community via vector Anopheles balabacensis. Living near stagnant water bodies was the risk factor in this outbreak.
format Article
author Saffree Mohammad Jeffree
Kamruddin Ahmed
Nazarudin Safian
Rohaizat Hassan
Omar Mihat
Khamisah Awang Lukman
Shamsul Bahari Shamsudin
Fadzilah Kamaludin
author_facet Saffree Mohammad Jeffree
Kamruddin Ahmed
Nazarudin Safian
Rohaizat Hassan
Omar Mihat
Khamisah Awang Lukman
Shamsul Bahari Shamsudin
Fadzilah Kamaludin
author_sort Saffree Mohammad Jeffree
title Falciparum Malaria Outbreak in Sabah Linked to an Immigrant Rubber Tapper
title_short Falciparum Malaria Outbreak in Sabah Linked to an Immigrant Rubber Tapper
title_full Falciparum Malaria Outbreak in Sabah Linked to an Immigrant Rubber Tapper
title_fullStr Falciparum Malaria Outbreak in Sabah Linked to an Immigrant Rubber Tapper
title_full_unstemmed Falciparum Malaria Outbreak in Sabah Linked to an Immigrant Rubber Tapper
title_sort falciparum malaria outbreak in sabah linked to an immigrant rubber tapper
publishDate 2020
url https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/25679/1/Falciparum%20Malaria%20Outbreak%20in%20Sabah%20Linked%20to%20an%20Immigrant%20Rubber%20Tapper.pdf
https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/25679/2/Falciparum%20Malaria%20Outbreak%20in%20Sabah%20Linked%20to%20an%20Immigrant%20Rubber%20Tapper1.pdf
https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/25679/
https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.17-0081
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