Three layer authentications with a spiral block mapping to prove authenticity in medical images

• Main Authors: Ernawan, Ferda, Aminuddin, Afrig, Eh Phon, Danakorn Nincarean, Mohd Faizal, Ab Razak, Ahmad Firdaus, Zainal Abidin
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: Science and Information Organization 2022
• Subjects: QA75 Electronic computers. Computer science; QA76 Computer software; TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)
• Online Access: http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/34937/1/Three%20Layer%20authentications%20with%20a%20spiral%20block%20mapping%20to%20prove%20authenticity%20in%20medical%20images.pdf; http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/34937/; https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2022.0130425; https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2022.0130425

Digital medical image has a potential to be manipulated by unauthorized persons due to advanced communication technology. Verifying integrity and authenticity have become important issues on the medical image. This paper proposed a self-embedding watermark using a spiral block mapping for tamper detection and restoration. The block-based coding with the size of 3x3 was applied to perform selfembedding watermark with two authentication bits and seven recovery bits. The authentication bits are obtained from a set of condition between sub-block and block image, and the parity bits of each sub-block. The authentication bits and the recovery bits are embedded in the least significant bits using the proposed spiral block mapping. The recovery bits are embedded into different sub-blocks based on a spiral block mapping. The watermarked images were tested under various tampered images such as blurred image, unsharp-masking, copy-move, mosaic, noise, removal, and sharpening. The experimental results show that the scheme achieved a PSNR value of about 51.29 dB and a SSIM value of about 0.994 on the watermarked image. The scheme showed tamper localization with accuracy of 93.8%. In addition, the proposed scheme does not require external information to perform recovery bits. The proposed scheme was able to recover the tampered image with a PSNR value of 40.45 dB and a SSIM value of 0.994.