Utilizing disease transmission and response capacities to optimize covid-19 control in Malaysia

• Main Authors: Singh, Sarbhan, Herng, Lai Chee, Iderus, Nuur Hafizah Md., Ghazali, Sumarni Mohd, Ahmad, Lonny Chen Rong Qi, Ghazali, Nur'ain Mohd, Nadzri, Mohd Nadzmi Md, Anuar, Asrul, Kamarudin, Mohd Kamarulariffin, Cheng, Lim Mei, Tee, Kok Keng, Lin, Chong Zhuo, Gill, Balvinder Singh, Ahmad, Nur Ar Rabiah Binti
• Format: Article
• Published: BioMed Central 2024
• Subjects: R Medicine; RA Public aspects of medicine
• Online Access: http://eprints.um.edu.my/45213/; https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-18890-3

Objectives Public Health Social Measures (PHSM) such as movement restriction movement needed to be adjusted accordingly during the COVID-19 pandemic to ensure low disease transmission alongside adequate health system capacities based on the COVID-19 situational matrix proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO). This paper aims to develop a mechanism to determine the COVID-19 situational matrix to adjust movement restriction intensity for the control of COVID-19 in Malaysia. Methods Several epidemiological indicators were selected based on the WHO PHSM interim guidance report and validated individually and in several combinations to estimate the community transmission level (CT) and health system response capacity (RC) variables. Correlation analysis between CT and RC with COVID-19 cases was performed to determine the most appropriate CT and RC variables. Subsequently, the CT and RC variables were combined to form a composite COVID-19 situational matrix (SL). The SL matrix was validated using correlation analysis with COVID-19 case trends. Subsequently, an automated web-based system that generated daily CT, RC, and SL was developed. Results CT and RC variables were estimated using case incidence and hospitalization rate; Hospital bed capacity and COVID-19 ICU occupancy respectively. The estimated CT and RC were strongly correlated rho = 0.806 (95% CI 0.752, 0.848); and rho = 0.814 (95% CI 0.778, 0.839), p < 0.001] with the COVID-19 cases. The estimated SL was strongly correlated with COVID-19 cases (rho = 0.845, p < 0.001) and responded well to the various COVID-19 case trends during the pandemic. SL changes occurred earlier during the increase of cases but slower during the decrease, indicating a conservative response. The automated web-based system developed produced daily real-time CT, RC, and SL for the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions The indicators selected and combinations formed were able to generate validated daily CT and RC levels for Malaysia. Subsequently, the CT and RC levels were able to provide accurate and sensitive information for the estimation of SL which provided valuable evidence on the progression of the pandemic and movement restriction adjustment for the control of Malaysia.