Renewable and soft dynamic supercapacitors based on poly (acrylamide) hydrogel electrolytes and porous carbon electrodes

• Main Authors: Rafidi, Nursyaza, Bashir, Shahid, Hina, Maryam, Gunalan, Surender, Ramesh, S., Ramesh, K.
• Format: Article
• Published: Springer Verlag (Germany) 2023
• Subjects: Q Science (General); QC Physics
• Online Access: http://eprints.um.edu.my/39590/

Electrochemical capacitors (ECs) are electrochemical devices that have reversible charge and discharge storage abilities. ECs consist of two electrodes and electrolyte sandwiched between the two electrodes. The electrolyte can be in the form of liquid, gel, or solid, whereby the liquid and solid polymer electrolytes have many disadvantages. Therefore, hydrogel electrolytes are ideal materials for flexible ECs. This study reports the poly (acrylamide) hydrogel, synthesized through free radical mechanism by mixing acrylamide, ammonium persulfate (APS), and clay. Acrylamide, APS, and clay were used as the monomer, initiator, and crosslinker, respectively. Then, sodium sulfate was added as a source of ions to prepare hydrogel electrolytes. Four different samples (SAM 1, SAM 2, SAM 3, and SAM 4) with different compositions of monomer and salt were developed. The structural and morphological studies were conducted using X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Electrochemical impedance spe