Radioactivity and elemental concentrations of natural and commercial salt

Salt (NaCl) has importance not only in regard to the seasoning and preservation of food but also in greater mass utilisation settings, including the salting of roads in wintery conditions. The assessment of health benefits and risk from the intake of salt is of paramount importance, well appreciated...

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Main Authors: Abdul Sani, Siti Fairus, Azim, M. K. Muhamad, Marzuki, A. A., Khandaker, M. U., Almugren, K. S., Daar, E., Alkallas, F. H., Bradley, D. A.
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Published: Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd 2022
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Online Access:http://eprints.um.edu.my/33754/
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spelling my.um.eprints.337542022-04-26T04:13:54Z http://eprints.um.edu.my/33754/ Radioactivity and elemental concentrations of natural and commercial salt Abdul Sani, Siti Fairus Azim, M. K. Muhamad Marzuki, A. A. Khandaker, M. U. Almugren, K. S. Daar, E. Alkallas, F. H. Bradley, D. A. QC Physics QD Chemistry Salt (NaCl) has importance not only in regard to the seasoning and preservation of food but also in greater mass utilisation settings, including the salting of roads in wintery conditions. The assessment of health benefits and risk from the intake of salt is of paramount importance, well appreciated in regard to hypernatremia and hypertension but much less considered within the content of natural radioactivity and heavy metals contamination. Present study examines the elemental and radionuclide concentrations of commonly used artificial salts in Malaysia, including Himalayan salt, table salt and Dead Sea cooking salt along with the natural Jordan Dead Sea salt, employing the techniques of Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and High Purity Germanium (HPGe) gamma-ray spectrometry. Measured data have been compared with international advisory limits, as provided by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR). Individual health risk assessment has been couched in terms of committed effective dose per year from the radionuclides U-238, Th-232, K-40, resulting from the consumption of the various salt inputs. This has led to an upper estimate for terrestrial radionuclide exposure radiation dose to individuals of some 17.1 mu Svy(-1), with an average of 4.3 mu Svy(-1), the latter some 70 times lower compared to the UNSCEAR reference annual advisory dose limit of 290 mu Sv (corresponding to the typical allowable limit for public exposures of 1 mSvy(-1)), representing negligible risk. With respect to heavy metals, the estimated daily intake (EDI) due to the consumption of salts shows the investigated salt samples to all be within the tolerable daily intake (TDI) as guided by the WHO, thereby posing inappreciable toxicity to human health. Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd 2022-01 Article PeerReviewed Abdul Sani, Siti Fairus and Azim, M. K. Muhamad and Marzuki, A. A. and Khandaker, M. U. and Almugren, K. S. and Daar, E. and Alkallas, F. H. and Bradley, D. A. (2022) Radioactivity and elemental concentrations of natural and commercial salt. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 190. ISSN 0969-806X, DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109790 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109790>. 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109790
institution Universiti Malaya
building UM Library
collection Institutional Repository
continent Asia
country Malaysia
content_provider Universiti Malaya
content_source UM Research Repository
url_provider http://eprints.um.edu.my/
topic QC Physics
QD Chemistry
spellingShingle QC Physics
QD Chemistry
Abdul Sani, Siti Fairus
Azim, M. K. Muhamad
Marzuki, A. A.
Khandaker, M. U.
Almugren, K. S.
Daar, E.
Alkallas, F. H.
Bradley, D. A.
Radioactivity and elemental concentrations of natural and commercial salt
description Salt (NaCl) has importance not only in regard to the seasoning and preservation of food but also in greater mass utilisation settings, including the salting of roads in wintery conditions. The assessment of health benefits and risk from the intake of salt is of paramount importance, well appreciated in regard to hypernatremia and hypertension but much less considered within the content of natural radioactivity and heavy metals contamination. Present study examines the elemental and radionuclide concentrations of commonly used artificial salts in Malaysia, including Himalayan salt, table salt and Dead Sea cooking salt along with the natural Jordan Dead Sea salt, employing the techniques of Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and High Purity Germanium (HPGe) gamma-ray spectrometry. Measured data have been compared with international advisory limits, as provided by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR). Individual health risk assessment has been couched in terms of committed effective dose per year from the radionuclides U-238, Th-232, K-40, resulting from the consumption of the various salt inputs. This has led to an upper estimate for terrestrial radionuclide exposure radiation dose to individuals of some 17.1 mu Svy(-1), with an average of 4.3 mu Svy(-1), the latter some 70 times lower compared to the UNSCEAR reference annual advisory dose limit of 290 mu Sv (corresponding to the typical allowable limit for public exposures of 1 mSvy(-1)), representing negligible risk. With respect to heavy metals, the estimated daily intake (EDI) due to the consumption of salts shows the investigated salt samples to all be within the tolerable daily intake (TDI) as guided by the WHO, thereby posing inappreciable toxicity to human health.
format Article
author Abdul Sani, Siti Fairus
Azim, M. K. Muhamad
Marzuki, A. A.
Khandaker, M. U.
Almugren, K. S.
Daar, E.
Alkallas, F. H.
Bradley, D. A.
author_facet Abdul Sani, Siti Fairus
Azim, M. K. Muhamad
Marzuki, A. A.
Khandaker, M. U.
Almugren, K. S.
Daar, E.
Alkallas, F. H.
Bradley, D. A.
author_sort Abdul Sani, Siti Fairus
title Radioactivity and elemental concentrations of natural and commercial salt
title_short Radioactivity and elemental concentrations of natural and commercial salt
title_full Radioactivity and elemental concentrations of natural and commercial salt
title_fullStr Radioactivity and elemental concentrations of natural and commercial salt
title_full_unstemmed Radioactivity and elemental concentrations of natural and commercial salt
title_sort radioactivity and elemental concentrations of natural and commercial salt
publisher Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd
publishDate 2022
url http://eprints.um.edu.my/33754/
_version_ 1735409587121553408
score 13.18916