Continued increase of CFC-113a (CCl3CF3) mixing ratios in the global atmosphere: Emissions, occurrence and potential sources
Atmospheric measurements of the ozone-depleting substance CFC-113a (CCl3CF3) are reported from ground-based stations in Australia, Taiwan, Malaysia and the United Kingdom, together with aircraft-based data for the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Building on previous work, we find that, sin...
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my.um.eprints.227052019-12-03T11:35:36Z http://eprints.um.edu.my/22705/ Continued increase of CFC-113a (CCl3CF3) mixing ratios in the global atmosphere: Emissions, occurrence and potential sources Adcock, Karina E. Reeves, Claire E. Gooch, Lauren J. Leedham Elvidge, Emma C. Ashfold, Matthew J. Brenninkmeijer, Carl A.M. Chou, Charles Fraser, Paul J. Langenfelds, Ray L. Mohd Hanif, Norfazrin O'Doherty, Simon Oram, David E. Ou-Yang, Chang-Feng Phang, Siew Moi Samah, Azizan Abu Röckmann, Thomas Sturges, William T. Laube, Johannes C. Q Science (General) QD Chemistry QH Natural history Atmospheric measurements of the ozone-depleting substance CFC-113a (CCl3CF3) are reported from ground-based stations in Australia, Taiwan, Malaysia and the United Kingdom, together with aircraft-based data for the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Building on previous work, we find that, since the gas first appeared in the atmosphere in the 1960s, global CFC-113a mixing ratios have been increasing monotonically to the present day. Mixing ratios of CFC-113a have increased by 40 from 0.50 to 0.70 ppt in the Southern Hemisphere between the end of the previously published record in December 2012 and February 2017. We derive updated global emissions of 1.7 Gg yrĝ'1 on average between 2012 and 2016 using a two-dimensional model. We compare the long-term trends and emissions of CFC-113a to those of its structural isomer, CFC-113 (CClF2CCl2F), which still has much higher mixing ratios than CFC-113a, despite its mixing ratios and emissions decreasing since the 1990s. The continued presence of northern hemispheric emissions of CFC-113a is confirmed by our measurements of a persistent interhemispheric gradient in its mixing ratios, with higher mixing ratios in the Northern Hemisphere. The sources of CFC-113a are still unclear, but we present evidence that indicates large emissions in East Asia, most likely due to its use as a chemical involved in the production of hydrofluorocarbons. Our aircraft data confirm the interhemispheric gradient as well as showing mixing ratios consistent with ground-based observations and the relatively long atmospheric lifetime of CFC-113a. CFC-113a is the only known CFC for which abundances are still increasing substantially in the atmosphere. Copernicus Publications 2018 Article PeerReviewed Adcock, Karina E. and Reeves, Claire E. and Gooch, Lauren J. and Leedham Elvidge, Emma C. and Ashfold, Matthew J. and Brenninkmeijer, Carl A.M. and Chou, Charles and Fraser, Paul J. and Langenfelds, Ray L. and Mohd Hanif, Norfazrin and O'Doherty, Simon and Oram, David E. and Ou-Yang, Chang-Feng and Phang, Siew Moi and Samah, Azizan Abu and Röckmann, Thomas and Sturges, William T. and Laube, Johannes C. (2018) Continued increase of CFC-113a (CCl3CF3) mixing ratios in the global atmosphere: Emissions, occurrence and potential sources. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 18 (7). pp. 4737-4751. ISSN 1680-7324 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4737-2018 doi:10.5194/acp-18-4737-2018 |
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Q Science (General) QD Chemistry QH Natural history Adcock, Karina E. Reeves, Claire E. Gooch, Lauren J. Leedham Elvidge, Emma C. Ashfold, Matthew J. Brenninkmeijer, Carl A.M. Chou, Charles Fraser, Paul J. Langenfelds, Ray L. Mohd Hanif, Norfazrin O'Doherty, Simon Oram, David E. Ou-Yang, Chang-Feng Phang, Siew Moi Samah, Azizan Abu Röckmann, Thomas Sturges, William T. Laube, Johannes C. Continued increase of CFC-113a (CCl3CF3) mixing ratios in the global atmosphere: Emissions, occurrence and potential sources |
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Atmospheric measurements of the ozone-depleting substance CFC-113a (CCl3CF3) are reported from ground-based stations in Australia, Taiwan, Malaysia and the United Kingdom, together with aircraft-based data for the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Building on previous work, we find that, since the gas first appeared in the atmosphere in the 1960s, global CFC-113a mixing ratios have been increasing monotonically to the present day. Mixing ratios of CFC-113a have increased by 40 from 0.50 to 0.70 ppt in the Southern Hemisphere between the end of the previously published record in December 2012 and February 2017. We derive updated global emissions of 1.7 Gg yrĝ'1 on average between 2012 and 2016 using a two-dimensional model. We compare the long-term trends and emissions of CFC-113a to those of its structural isomer, CFC-113 (CClF2CCl2F), which still has much higher mixing ratios than CFC-113a, despite its mixing ratios and emissions decreasing since the 1990s. The continued presence of northern hemispheric emissions of CFC-113a is confirmed by our measurements of a persistent interhemispheric gradient in its mixing ratios, with higher mixing ratios in the Northern Hemisphere. The sources of CFC-113a are still unclear, but we present evidence that indicates large emissions in East Asia, most likely due to its use as a chemical involved in the production of hydrofluorocarbons. Our aircraft data confirm the interhemispheric gradient as well as showing mixing ratios consistent with ground-based observations and the relatively long atmospheric lifetime of CFC-113a. CFC-113a is the only known CFC for which abundances are still increasing substantially in the atmosphere. |
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author |
Adcock, Karina E. Reeves, Claire E. Gooch, Lauren J. Leedham Elvidge, Emma C. Ashfold, Matthew J. Brenninkmeijer, Carl A.M. Chou, Charles Fraser, Paul J. Langenfelds, Ray L. Mohd Hanif, Norfazrin O'Doherty, Simon Oram, David E. Ou-Yang, Chang-Feng Phang, Siew Moi Samah, Azizan Abu Röckmann, Thomas Sturges, William T. Laube, Johannes C. |
author_facet |
Adcock, Karina E. Reeves, Claire E. Gooch, Lauren J. Leedham Elvidge, Emma C. Ashfold, Matthew J. Brenninkmeijer, Carl A.M. Chou, Charles Fraser, Paul J. Langenfelds, Ray L. Mohd Hanif, Norfazrin O'Doherty, Simon Oram, David E. Ou-Yang, Chang-Feng Phang, Siew Moi Samah, Azizan Abu Röckmann, Thomas Sturges, William T. Laube, Johannes C. |
author_sort |
Adcock, Karina E. |
title |
Continued increase of CFC-113a (CCl3CF3) mixing ratios in the global atmosphere: Emissions, occurrence and potential sources |
title_short |
Continued increase of CFC-113a (CCl3CF3) mixing ratios in the global atmosphere: Emissions, occurrence and potential sources |
title_full |
Continued increase of CFC-113a (CCl3CF3) mixing ratios in the global atmosphere: Emissions, occurrence and potential sources |
title_fullStr |
Continued increase of CFC-113a (CCl3CF3) mixing ratios in the global atmosphere: Emissions, occurrence and potential sources |
title_full_unstemmed |
Continued increase of CFC-113a (CCl3CF3) mixing ratios in the global atmosphere: Emissions, occurrence and potential sources |
title_sort |
continued increase of cfc-113a (ccl3cf3) mixing ratios in the global atmosphere: emissions, occurrence and potential sources |
publisher |
Copernicus Publications |
publishDate |
2018 |
url |
http://eprints.um.edu.my/22705/ https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4737-2018 |
_version_ |
1654960697707069440 |
score |
13.19449 |