Cross-linking reactions of silica-filled epoxidized natural rubber with fumaric acid

The dual functionality of epoxide and unsaturated sites in epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) permits different types of cross-linking reactions. Besides the normal vulcanization via double bonds, alternative cross-linking reactions could take place via ring opening of epoxide groups by dicarboxylic ac...

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Main Authors: Bakar, R.A., Yahya, R., Gan, S.N.
Format: Article
Published: American Chemical Society 2016
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Online Access:http://eprints.um.edu.my/18444/
https://doi.org/10.5254/rct.16.84823
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spelling my.um.eprints.184442017-12-05T03:16:46Z http://eprints.um.edu.my/18444/ Cross-linking reactions of silica-filled epoxidized natural rubber with fumaric acid Bakar, R.A. Yahya, R. Gan, S.N. Q Science (General) QD Chemistry The dual functionality of epoxide and unsaturated sites in epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) permits different types of cross-linking reactions. Besides the normal vulcanization via double bonds, alternative cross-linking reactions could take place via ring opening of epoxide groups by dicarboxylic acids and diamines. We investigated the cross-linking reactions of silica-filled ENR50 with fumaric acid. The cross-linking reactions at 160 °C were assessed using a Monsanto rheometer. Supporting evidence of the reactions was provided by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), solvent swelling, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. FT-IR showed new absorbance peaks of hydroxyl and ester groups in agreement with the structures expected to form during the reactions between ENR50 and fumaric acid. The increase in crosslinks led to a lower percentage of solvent swelling, higher glass transition temperature, and higher torque. Incorporation of silica filler has further increased the torque due to the stiffening effect of the filler. The amorphous silica used in the current work was prepared from rice husk. Leaching of the rice husk with dilute sulfuric acid before the combustion at 600 °C for 2 h led to the production of high-purity amorphous silica (.99% SiO2). American Chemical Society 2016 Article PeerReviewed Bakar, R.A. and Yahya, R. and Gan, S.N. (2016) Cross-linking reactions of silica-filled epoxidized natural rubber with fumaric acid. Rubber Chemistry and Technology, 89 (3). pp. 465-476. ISSN 0035-9475 https://doi.org/10.5254/rct.16.84823 doi:10.5254/rct.16.84823
institution Universiti Malaya
building UM Library
collection Institutional Repository
continent Asia
country Malaysia
content_provider Universiti Malaya
content_source UM Research Repository
url_provider http://eprints.um.edu.my/
topic Q Science (General)
QD Chemistry
spellingShingle Q Science (General)
QD Chemistry
Bakar, R.A.
Yahya, R.
Gan, S.N.
Cross-linking reactions of silica-filled epoxidized natural rubber with fumaric acid
description The dual functionality of epoxide and unsaturated sites in epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) permits different types of cross-linking reactions. Besides the normal vulcanization via double bonds, alternative cross-linking reactions could take place via ring opening of epoxide groups by dicarboxylic acids and diamines. We investigated the cross-linking reactions of silica-filled ENR50 with fumaric acid. The cross-linking reactions at 160 °C were assessed using a Monsanto rheometer. Supporting evidence of the reactions was provided by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), solvent swelling, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. FT-IR showed new absorbance peaks of hydroxyl and ester groups in agreement with the structures expected to form during the reactions between ENR50 and fumaric acid. The increase in crosslinks led to a lower percentage of solvent swelling, higher glass transition temperature, and higher torque. Incorporation of silica filler has further increased the torque due to the stiffening effect of the filler. The amorphous silica used in the current work was prepared from rice husk. Leaching of the rice husk with dilute sulfuric acid before the combustion at 600 °C for 2 h led to the production of high-purity amorphous silica (.99% SiO2).
format Article
author Bakar, R.A.
Yahya, R.
Gan, S.N.
author_facet Bakar, R.A.
Yahya, R.
Gan, S.N.
author_sort Bakar, R.A.
title Cross-linking reactions of silica-filled epoxidized natural rubber with fumaric acid
title_short Cross-linking reactions of silica-filled epoxidized natural rubber with fumaric acid
title_full Cross-linking reactions of silica-filled epoxidized natural rubber with fumaric acid
title_fullStr Cross-linking reactions of silica-filled epoxidized natural rubber with fumaric acid
title_full_unstemmed Cross-linking reactions of silica-filled epoxidized natural rubber with fumaric acid
title_sort cross-linking reactions of silica-filled epoxidized natural rubber with fumaric acid
publisher American Chemical Society
publishDate 2016
url http://eprints.um.edu.my/18444/
https://doi.org/10.5254/rct.16.84823
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score 13.211869