Spirulina platensis Suppressed iNOS and Proinflammatory Cytokines in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced BV2 Microglia
The disease burden of neurodegenerative diseases is on the rise due to the aging population, and neuroinflammation is one of the underlying causes. Spirulina platensis is a well-known superfood with numerous reported bioactivities. However, the effect of S. platensis Universiti Malaya Algae Culture...
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my.sunway.eprints.30682024-08-12T07:30:11Z http://eprints.sunway.edu.my/3068/ Spirulina platensis Suppressed iNOS and Proinflammatory Cytokines in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced BV2 Microglia Ngu, Ee Ling Tan, Cheng Yau Lai, Nicole Jean Yean Wong, Kah Hui Lim, Siew Huah Long, Chiau Ming * Tan, Kuan Onn * Phang, Siew Nooi Yow, Yoon Yen * QR Microbiology RC Internal medicine RM Therapeutics. Pharmacology The disease burden of neurodegenerative diseases is on the rise due to the aging population, and neuroinflammation is one of the underlying causes. Spirulina platensis is a well-known superfood with numerous reported bioactivities. However, the effect of S. platensis Universiti Malaya Algae Culture Collection 159 (UMACC 159) (a strain isolated from Israel) on proinflammatory mediators and cytokines remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to determine the anti-neuroinflammatory activity of S. platensis extracts and identify the potential bioactive compounds. S. platensis extracts (hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and aqueous) were screened for phytochemical content and antioxidant activity. Ethanol extract was studied for its effect on proinflammatory mediators and cytokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV2 microglia. The potential bioactive compounds were identified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric (LC-MS) analysis. Ethanol extract had the highest flavonoid content and antioxidant and nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activity. Ethanol extract completely inhibited the production of NO via the downregulation of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and significantly reduced the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6. Emmotin A, palmitic amide, and 1-monopalmitin, which might play an important role in cell signaling, have been identified. In conclusion, S. platensis ethanol extract inhibited neuroinflammation through the downregulation of NO, TNF-α and IL-6. This preliminary study provided insight into compound(s) isolation, which could contribute to the development of precision nutrition for disease management. MDPI 2022 Article PeerReviewed text en cc_by_4 http://eprints.sunway.edu.my/3068/1/Yow%20Yoon%20Yen_Spirulina%20platensis%20suppressed%20iNOS%20and%20Proinflammatory%20Cytokines.pdf Ngu, Ee Ling and Tan, Cheng Yau and Lai, Nicole Jean Yean and Wong, Kah Hui and Lim, Siew Huah and Long, Chiau Ming * and Tan, Kuan Onn * and Phang, Siew Nooi and Yow, Yoon Yen * (2022) Spirulina platensis Suppressed iNOS and Proinflammatory Cytokines in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced BV2 Microglia. Metabolites, 12 (11). ISSN 2218-1989 https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12111147 10.3390/metabo12111147 |
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QR Microbiology RC Internal medicine RM Therapeutics. Pharmacology Ngu, Ee Ling Tan, Cheng Yau Lai, Nicole Jean Yean Wong, Kah Hui Lim, Siew Huah Long, Chiau Ming * Tan, Kuan Onn * Phang, Siew Nooi Yow, Yoon Yen * Spirulina platensis Suppressed iNOS and Proinflammatory Cytokines in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced BV2 Microglia |
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The disease burden of neurodegenerative diseases is on the rise due to the aging population, and neuroinflammation is one of the underlying causes. Spirulina platensis is a well-known superfood with numerous reported bioactivities. However, the effect of S. platensis Universiti Malaya Algae Culture Collection 159 (UMACC 159) (a strain isolated from Israel) on proinflammatory mediators and cytokines remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to determine the anti-neuroinflammatory activity of S. platensis extracts and identify the potential bioactive compounds. S. platensis extracts (hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and aqueous) were screened for phytochemical content and antioxidant activity. Ethanol extract was studied for its effect on proinflammatory mediators and cytokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV2 microglia. The potential bioactive compounds were identified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric (LC-MS) analysis. Ethanol extract had the highest flavonoid content and antioxidant and nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activity. Ethanol extract completely inhibited the production of NO via the downregulation of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and significantly reduced the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6. Emmotin A, palmitic amide, and 1-monopalmitin, which might play an important role in cell signaling, have been identified. In conclusion, S. platensis ethanol extract inhibited neuroinflammation through the downregulation of NO, TNF-α and IL-6. This preliminary study provided insight into compound(s) isolation, which could contribute to the development of precision nutrition for disease management. |
format |
Article |
author |
Ngu, Ee Ling Tan, Cheng Yau Lai, Nicole Jean Yean Wong, Kah Hui Lim, Siew Huah Long, Chiau Ming * Tan, Kuan Onn * Phang, Siew Nooi Yow, Yoon Yen * |
author_facet |
Ngu, Ee Ling Tan, Cheng Yau Lai, Nicole Jean Yean Wong, Kah Hui Lim, Siew Huah Long, Chiau Ming * Tan, Kuan Onn * Phang, Siew Nooi Yow, Yoon Yen * |
author_sort |
Ngu, Ee Ling |
title |
Spirulina platensis Suppressed iNOS and Proinflammatory Cytokines in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced BV2 Microglia |
title_short |
Spirulina platensis Suppressed iNOS and Proinflammatory Cytokines in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced BV2 Microglia |
title_full |
Spirulina platensis Suppressed iNOS and Proinflammatory Cytokines in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced BV2 Microglia |
title_fullStr |
Spirulina platensis Suppressed iNOS and Proinflammatory Cytokines in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced BV2 Microglia |
title_full_unstemmed |
Spirulina platensis Suppressed iNOS and Proinflammatory Cytokines in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced BV2 Microglia |
title_sort |
spirulina platensis suppressed inos and proinflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide-induced bv2 microglia |
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MDPI |
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2022 |
url |
http://eprints.sunway.edu.my/3068/1/Yow%20Yoon%20Yen_Spirulina%20platensis%20suppressed%20iNOS%20and%20Proinflammatory%20Cytokines.pdf http://eprints.sunway.edu.my/3068/ https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12111147 |
_version_ |
1808975636689059840 |
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13.19449 |