The impact of tourism demand, government expenditure on education and income on the environment in ASEAN-5 countries
ASEAN countries heavily rely on tourism and therefore are vulnerable towards environmental disruptions. Tourism demand (TD), government expenditure on education (GEE) and income (INC) are among the main factors that increase the total global carbon dioxide emissions which lead to climate change, hen...
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Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
2019
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my-ukm.journal.141392020-02-07T10:52:40Z http://journalarticle.ukm.my/14139/ The impact of tourism demand, government expenditure on education and income on the environment in ASEAN-5 countries Nur Fadzlunnisaa Wakimin, A.A. Azlina, Hazman Samsudin, Mahirah Kamaludin, ASEAN countries heavily rely on tourism and therefore are vulnerable towards environmental disruptions. Tourism demand (TD), government expenditure on education (GEE) and income (INC) are among the main factors that increase the total global carbon dioxide emissions which lead to climate change, hence making them the key focus areas in ASEAN-5 countries. This study analysed whether the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) holds for all ASEAN countries from 1970 until 2014 using nonlinear autoregression distribution lag (NARDL) method. It also analyses whether all variables are asymmetric to the environment in the long-run. In the long-run, the carbon dioxide emission response could have a negative change in INC for Malaysia (MLY), India (IND), Singapore (SNG), and the Philippines (PHL). However, in Thailand (THL), the carbon dioxide emission response could lead to a positive change in INC. This study found an asymmetric long-run effect of the INC, GEE, and TD on the environment in ASEAN-5 countries. In conclusion, EKC does not hold in all cases, but is detected in some of the variables. In this case, legal regulations are needed to avoid environmental degradation due to inefficient economic mechanisms that are insufficient to reduce the total global carbon dioxide emissions. Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 2019 Article PeerReviewed application/pdf en http://journalarticle.ukm.my/14139/1/jeko_53%283%29-6.pdf Nur Fadzlunnisaa Wakimin, and A.A. Azlina, and Hazman Samsudin, and Mahirah Kamaludin, (2019) The impact of tourism demand, government expenditure on education and income on the environment in ASEAN-5 countries. Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, 53 (3). pp. 1-17. ISSN 0127-1962 http://www.ukm.my/fep/jem/content/2019-3.html |
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ASEAN countries heavily rely on tourism and therefore are vulnerable towards environmental disruptions. Tourism demand (TD), government expenditure on education (GEE) and income (INC) are among the main factors that increase the total global carbon dioxide emissions which lead to climate change, hence making them the key focus areas in ASEAN-5 countries. This study analysed whether the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) holds for all ASEAN countries from 1970 until 2014 using nonlinear autoregression distribution lag (NARDL) method. It also analyses whether all variables are asymmetric to the environment in the long-run. In the long-run, the carbon dioxide emission response could have a negative change in INC for Malaysia (MLY), India (IND), Singapore (SNG), and the Philippines (PHL). However, in Thailand (THL), the carbon dioxide emission response could lead to a positive change in INC. This study found an asymmetric long-run effect of the INC, GEE, and TD on the environment in ASEAN-5 countries. In conclusion, EKC does not hold in all cases, but is detected in some of the variables. In this case, legal regulations are needed to avoid environmental degradation due to inefficient economic mechanisms that are insufficient to reduce the total global carbon dioxide emissions. |
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Nur Fadzlunnisaa Wakimin, A.A. Azlina, Hazman Samsudin, Mahirah Kamaludin, |
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Nur Fadzlunnisaa Wakimin, A.A. Azlina, Hazman Samsudin, Mahirah Kamaludin, The impact of tourism demand, government expenditure on education and income on the environment in ASEAN-5 countries |
author_facet |
Nur Fadzlunnisaa Wakimin, A.A. Azlina, Hazman Samsudin, Mahirah Kamaludin, |
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Nur Fadzlunnisaa Wakimin, |
title |
The impact of tourism demand, government expenditure on education and income on the environment in ASEAN-5 countries |
title_short |
The impact of tourism demand, government expenditure on education and income on the environment in ASEAN-5 countries |
title_full |
The impact of tourism demand, government expenditure on education and income on the environment in ASEAN-5 countries |
title_fullStr |
The impact of tourism demand, government expenditure on education and income on the environment in ASEAN-5 countries |
title_full_unstemmed |
The impact of tourism demand, government expenditure on education and income on the environment in ASEAN-5 countries |
title_sort |
impact of tourism demand, government expenditure on education and income on the environment in asean-5 countries |
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Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia |
publishDate |
2019 |
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http://journalarticle.ukm.my/14139/1/jeko_53%283%29-6.pdf http://journalarticle.ukm.my/14139/ http://www.ukm.my/fep/jem/content/2019-3.html |
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