Modeling of gross domestic product with foreign direct investment using Lotka-Volterra equations

This paper investigates the dynamic interaction between Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) using two distinct numerical methods: The Fourth-Order Runge-Kutta (RK4) method on Lotka-Volterra model and a family of Least-Squares (LS) methods. The study aims to provide a com...

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Bibliographic Details

Main Authors:	Mohammad Khatim Hasan, Noor Ashikin Othman, Bahari Idrus
Format:	Article
Language:	en
Published:	Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 2025
Online Access:	http://journalarticle.ukm.my/26331/1/SMS%2015.pdf http://journalarticle.ukm.my/26331/ https://www.ukm.my/jsm/english_journals/vol54num9_2025/contentsVol54num9_2025.html
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